{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2099595753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","title":"Alliances, Networks and Competitive Strategy: Rethinking Clusters of Innovation","display_name":"Alliances, Networks and Competitive Strategy: Rethinking Clusters of Innovation","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2099595753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","mag":"2099595753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1468-2257.00196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100141487","display_name":"Growth and Change","issn_l":"0017-4815","issn":["0017-4815","1468-2257"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Growth and Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081900848","display_name":"Paul Tracey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5877-9817","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5877-9817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Tracey","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 University of Cambridge\u2003p.tracey@jims.cam.ac.uk2University of Oxford"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 University of Cambridge\u2003p.tracey@jims.cam.ac.uk2University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009271026","display_name":"Gordon L. Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2954-9246","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2954-9246"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon L. Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["1 University of Cambridge\u2003p.tracey@jims.cam.ac.uk2University of Oxford"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"1 University of Cambridge\u2003p.tracey@jims.cam.ac.uk2University of Oxford","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.5724,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":105,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98347283,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"16"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.7440999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13402","display_name":"Business Strategy and Innovation","score":0.241799995303154,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12636","display_name":"Regional Development and Innovation","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfirm-alliances","display_name":"interfirm alliances","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-clusters","display_name":"innovation clusters","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interaction-networks","display_name":"interaction networks","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-structure","display_name":"network structure","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-proximity","display_name":"geographic proximity","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-networks","display_name":"international networks","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-strategy","display_name":"competitive strategy","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-sharing","display_name":"knowledge sharing","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interactive-learning","display_name":"interactive learning","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-performance","display_name":"economic performance","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-formation","display_name":"network formation","score":0.5479999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.7134440541267395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.7133116722106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6296182870864868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.612769365310669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5075660943984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4370640516281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147675338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421953","display_name":"Actor\u2013network theory","level":2,"score":0.41954436898231506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35967883467674255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.35967400670051575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.3431592285633087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2171286642551422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.21083784103393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.15446728467941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.11762186884880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1468-2257.00196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100141487","display_name":"Growth and Change","issn_l":"0017-4815","issn":["0017-4815","1468-2257"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Growth and Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:uuid:c516f1de-65b9-4d5e-92d2-3601f7dbded5","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13722/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402636","display_name":"Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","host_organization_name":"University of Oxford","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13722","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bla:growch:v:34:y:2003:i:1:p:1-16","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1468-2257.00196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1468-2257.00196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100141487","display_name":"Growth and Change","issn_l":"0017-4815","issn":["0017-4815","1468-2257"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-3","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Growth and Change","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5378999710083008,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2099595753.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2099595753.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W309818560","https://openalex.org/W623994556","https://openalex.org/W633683288","https://openalex.org/W654617375","https://openalex.org/W1498488428","https://openalex.org/W1505472865","https://openalex.org/W1515337425","https://openalex.org/W1535953193","https://openalex.org/W1543985151","https://openalex.org/W1562979637","https://openalex.org/W1595097799","https://openalex.org/W1606540910","https://openalex.org/W1981935060","https://openalex.org/W1989388297","https://openalex.org/W1989623578","https://openalex.org/W1992275466","https://openalex.org/W1998809453","https://openalex.org/W2002731947","https://openalex.org/W2010676817","https://openalex.org/W2029946626","https://openalex.org/W2053120142","https://openalex.org/W2063970855","https://openalex.org/W2067825856","https://openalex.org/W2091546527","https://openalex.org/W2099390437","https://openalex.org/W2101157755","https://openalex.org/W2105078579","https://openalex.org/W2109469951","https://openalex.org/W2122407370","https://openalex.org/W2136947725","https://openalex.org/W2139981886","https://openalex.org/W2140409505","https://openalex.org/W2144307463","https://openalex.org/W2147307405","https://openalex.org/W2160539599","https://openalex.org/W2334918364","https://openalex.org/W2524218442","https://openalex.org/W2735424014","https://openalex.org/W2752710160","https://openalex.org/W2902310865","https://openalex.org/W3022339544","https://openalex.org/W3111547967","https://openalex.org/W3122851880","https://openalex.org/W3124140110","https://openalex.org/W3141578937","https://openalex.org/W3197383189","https://openalex.org/W4205388326","https://openalex.org/W4235883901","https://openalex.org/W4244387885","https://openalex.org/W4244685819","https://openalex.org/W4245980505","https://openalex.org/W4301066124","https://openalex.org/W4388152197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1026905959","https://openalex.org/W2052709366","https://openalex.org/W2561966630","https://openalex.org/W7099939572","https://openalex.org/W408134731","https://openalex.org/W7166813374","https://openalex.org/W2006759961","https://openalex.org/W2368553144","https://openalex.org/W2128698837","https://openalex.org/W2034396405"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Networks":[0],"of":[1,11,35,49,54,66,82,97,103,107,122,139,148],"interaction":[2,104],"have":[3],"assumed":[4],"particular":[5,83],"significance":[6,84],"in":[7,89,100,112,141,163],"recent":[8],"years":[9],"because":[10],"their":[12,108],"presumed":[13],"importance":[14,121],"for":[15],"learning":[16,28],"and":[17,37,47,69,85,106,110,117,146],"innovation.":[18],"Alliances":[19],"between":[20,29],"related":[21],"firms":[22],"are":[23,78,157],"thought":[24],"to":[25,80,91,93,114,133,143,159],"encourage":[26],"interactive":[27],"participating":[30],"organizations":[31],"through":[32,43],"the":[33,98,120,144,152],"sharing":[34],"knowledge":[36],"information,":[38],"which":[39,77,86,101],"is":[40,151],"itself":[41],"facilitated":[42],"trust,":[44],"shared":[45],"values":[46],"ways":[48,99],"working.":[50],"The":[51,137],"vast":[52],"body":[53],"literature":[55],"that":[56,126,155],"has":[57],"emerged":[58],"is,":[59],"however,":[60],"incredibly":[61],"fragmented,":[62],"encompassing":[63],"an":[64],"array":[65],"theoretical":[67],"positions":[68],"perspectives.":[70],"This":[71],"paper":[72],"focuses":[73],"upon":[74],"two":[75],"issues":[76],"believed":[79],"be":[81,160],"need":[87],"clarification":[88],"order":[90],"move":[92],"a":[94],"clearer":[95],"understanding":[96],"networks":[102,156],"evolve,":[105],"capabilities":[109],"limitations":[111],"relation":[113,142],"economic":[115],"performance":[116],"competitiveness:":[118],"(1)":[119],"network":[123,134],"structure,":[124],"arguing":[125],"innovative":[127],"activity":[128],"requires":[129],"flexibility":[130],"with":[131],"regard":[132],"formation.":[135],"(2)":[136],"role":[138],"geography":[140],"construction":[145],"functioning":[147],"alliances.":[149],"It":[150],"contention":[153],"here":[154],"likely":[158],"increasingly":[161],"international":[162],"scope.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}