{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2099345940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/29.32278","title":"A tree-based statistical language model for natural language speech recognition","display_name":"A tree-based statistical language model for natural language speech recognition","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2099345940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/29.32278","mag":"2099345940"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/29.32278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/29.32278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/29.32278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98930721","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing","issn_l":"0096-3518","issn":["0096-3518"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112811561","display_name":"L.R. Bahl","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.R. Bahl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Speech Recognition Group, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","[IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY , USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Speech Recognition Group, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY , USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103519956","display_name":"Peter F. Brown","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.F. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Speech Recognition Group, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","[IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY , USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Speech Recognition Group, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY , USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002418228","display_name":"P.V. de Souza","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.V. de Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Speech Recognition Group, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","[IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY , USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Speech Recognition Group, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY , USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110032567","display_name":"R. L. Mercer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.L. Mercer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Speech Recognition Group, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","[IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY , USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Speech Recognition Group, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY , USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7604,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":257,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95932755,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"7","first_page":"1001","last_page":"1008"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-language-models","display_name":"statistical language models","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/next-word-prediction","display_name":"next-word prediction","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-decision-tree","display_name":"binary decision tree","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-construction-algorithm","display_name":"tree construction algorithm","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"speech recognition","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trigram-models","display_name":"trigram language model","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary-size","display_name":"vocabulary size","score":0.5709999799728394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137546455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3213474","display_name":"Trigram","level":2,"score":0.9028841257095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7662242650985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7399687170982361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6583979725837708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6299242377281189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6010382175445557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.577233076095581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5155841708183289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4891655743122101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4429191052913666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197855036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380172","display_name":"Binary tree","level":2,"score":0.4311986565589905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4172220826148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.41506069898605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.18555963039398193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.17303410172462463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.15796786546707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11523538827896118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/29.32278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/29.32278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/29.32278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S98930721","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing","issn_l":"0096-3518","issn":["0096-3518"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193579291","https://openalex.org/W1966812932","https://openalex.org/W1990005915","https://openalex.org/W1990822176","https://openalex.org/W1995564620","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2079145130","https://openalex.org/W2120234416","https://openalex.org/W2150583827","https://openalex.org/W2330820318","https://openalex.org/W4230880351"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W18856025","https://openalex.org/W2141931310","https://openalex.org/W7100504190","https://openalex.org/W3003494796","https://openalex.org/W161623115","https://openalex.org/W1529182518","https://openalex.org/W1975573722","https://openalex.org/W2415511073","https://openalex.org/W89274411","https://openalex.org/W1999051122"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,125],"problem":[1,20],"of":[2,54,89],"predicting":[3],"the":[4,12,19,24,32,55,64,78,87,114,119],"next":[5,33,115],"word":[6,29,34,116],"a":[7,27,42,59,74,105,109],"speaker":[8],"will":[9,30],"say,":[10],"given":[11,28],"words":[13,65,122],"already":[14,66],"spoken;":[15],"is":[16,21,58,73,127],"discussed.":[17,100],"Specifically,":[18],"to":[22,47,63,112,129,136],"estimate":[23,48],"probability":[25,75],"that":[26],"be":[31,137],"uttered.":[35],"Algorithms":[36],"are":[37,98,123],"presented":[38],"for":[39],"automatically":[40],"constructing":[41],"binary":[43],"decision":[44],"tree":[45,56,110,126],"designed":[46,111],"these":[49,82],"probabilities.":[50],"At":[51],"each":[52,70],"node":[53],"there":[57,72],"yes/no":[60],"question":[61],"relating":[62],"spoken,":[67],"and":[68,134],"at":[69],"leaf":[71],"distribution":[76],"over":[77],"allowable":[79],"vocabulary.":[80],"Ideally,":[81],"nodal":[83],"questions":[84],"can":[85],"take":[86],"form":[88],"arbitrarily":[90],"complex":[91],"Boolean":[92],"expressions,":[93],"but":[94],"computationally":[95],"cheaper":[96],"alternatives":[97],"also":[99],"Some":[101],"results":[102],"obtained":[103],"on":[104],"5000-word":[106],"vocabulary":[107],"with":[108],"predict":[113],"spoken":[117],"from":[118],"preceding":[120],"20":[121],"included.":[124],"compared":[128],"an":[130],"equivalent":[131],"trigram":[132],"model":[133],"shown":[135],"superior.>":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
