{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098811706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700016081","title":"Have the Samaritans lowered the suicide rate? A controlled study","display_name":"Have the Samaritans lowered the suicide rate? A controlled study","publication_year":1978,"publication_date":"1978-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098811706","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700016081","mag":"2098811706","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/704708"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0033291700016081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700016081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700016081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71144982","display_name":"Psychological Medicine","issn_l":"0033-2917","issn":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018139932","display_name":"Chris Jennings","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90344618","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"C. Jennings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Research Council Clinical Psychiatry Unit, Graylingwell Hospital, Department of Community Health, University of Nottingham"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Research Council Clinical Psychiatry Unit, Graylingwell Hospital, Department of Community Health, University of Nottingham","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110890020","display_name":"B. M. Barraclough","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90344618","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. M. Barraclough","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Research Council Clinical Psychiatry Unit, Graylingwell Hospital, Department of Community Health, University of Nottingham"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Research Council Clinical Psychiatry Unit, Graylingwell Hospital, Department of Community Health, University of Nottingham","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103533663","display_name":"J. R. Moss","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90344618","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. R. Moss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical Research Council Clinical Psychiatry Unit, Graylingwell Hospital, Department of Community Health, University of Nottingham"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Research Council Clinical Psychiatry Unit, Graylingwell Hospital, Department of Community Health, University of Nottingham","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018139932"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I90344618"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7737,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97616865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"413","last_page":"422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10376","display_name":"Suicide and Self-Harm Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10376","display_name":"Suicide and Self-Harm Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13605","display_name":"Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/samaritans","display_name":"Samaritans","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suicide-prevention","display_name":"suicide prevention","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suicide-rates","display_name":"suicide rates","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/suicide-prevention-hotline","display_name":"suicide hotline","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-selection","display_name":"control selection","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effectiveness-evaluation","display_name":"effectiveness evaluation","score":0.49399998784065247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020705882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210297","display_name":"Suicide rates","level":4,"score":0.789389431476593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.6347861289978027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.6200515627861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.5784114003181458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.5298160314559937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.5247148275375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.4849017262458801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4560970067977905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.44069138169288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37279707193374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.34300726652145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.32948505878448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09534838795661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000092864","descriptor_name":"Suicide Prevention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003419","descriptor_name":"Crisis Intervention","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004739","descriptor_name":"England","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004812","descriptor_name":"Epidemiologic Methods","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012657","descriptor_name":"Self-Help Groups","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013405","descriptor_name":"Suicide","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0033291700016081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700016081","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700016081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71144982","display_name":"Psychological Medicine","issn_l":"0033-2917","issn":["0033-2917","1469-8978"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:704708","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/704708","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological medicine","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8371999859809875}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583899736","https://openalex.org/W1964333797","https://openalex.org/W1972082870","https://openalex.org/W1997334594","https://openalex.org/W2002664886","https://openalex.org/W2006992322","https://openalex.org/W2009417325","https://openalex.org/W2013616334","https://openalex.org/W2016516553","https://openalex.org/W2027155286","https://openalex.org/W2036067938","https://openalex.org/W2062354021","https://openalex.org/W2078550301","https://openalex.org/W2102243158","https://openalex.org/W2147733490","https://openalex.org/W2796506143","https://openalex.org/W4234526002","https://openalex.org/W6654475412"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062354021","https://openalex.org/W14606616","https://openalex.org/W2027155286","https://openalex.org/W2089664019","https://openalex.org/W2291402309","https://openalex.org/W4300606089","https://openalex.org/W1942156829","https://openalex.org/W3024502569","https://openalex.org/W2075772328","https://openalex.org/W4246933936"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Suicide":[0],"rates":[1,11],"in":[2,12,57],"towns":[3,15,45],"with":[4,10],"a":[5,17],"Samaritan":[6,42],"branch":[7],"were":[8,46],"compared":[9],"matched":[13],"control":[14,44],"without":[16],"branch.":[18],"Four":[19],"methods":[20],"of":[21,27,54],"choosing":[22],"controls":[23],"are":[24],"described,":[25],"all":[26],"which":[28],"have":[29],"advantages":[30],"over":[31],"those":[32],"used":[33],"by":[34],"Bagley":[35],"(1968).":[36],"No":[37],"statistically":[38],"significant":[39],"differences":[40],"between":[41],"and":[43],"found.":[47],"The":[48],"scientific":[49],"case":[50],"for":[51],"the":[52,55,59],"effectiveness":[53],"Samaritans":[56],"reducing":[58],"suicide":[60],"rate":[61],"is":[62],"therefore":[63],"seriously":[64],"weakened.":[65]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}