{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098770944","doi":null,"title":"A Kullback-Leibler Divergence Based Kernel for SVM Classification in Multimedia Applications","display_name":"A Kullback-Leibler Divergence Based Kernel for SVM Classification in Multimedia Applications","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098770944","mag":"2098770944"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.58.3845","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.58.3845","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2004/HPL-2004-4.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103874391","display_name":"Pedro J. Moreno","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro J. Moreno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hewlett-Packard, Cambridge Research Laboratory, Cambridge, MA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett-Packard, Cambridge Research Laboratory, Cambridge, MA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036287103","display_name":"Purdy Ho","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Purdy Ho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hewlett-Packard, Cambridge Research Laboratory, Cambridge, MA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett-Packard, Cambridge Research Laboratory, Cambridge, MA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043325212","display_name":"Nuno M. Vasconcelos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-4302","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-4302"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuno Vasconcelos","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCSD ECE Department, La Jolla, CA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9024-4302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCSD ECE Department, La Jolla, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.3447,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":378,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99306911,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":null,"first_page":"1385","last_page":"1392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.8676999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.8676999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.008500000461935997,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kullback-leibler-divergence","display_name":"Kullback-Leibler divergence","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-functions","display_name":"kernel functions","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"support vector machine","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fisher-kernel","display_name":"Fisher kernel","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-models","display_name":"generative models","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-mixture-model","display_name":"Gaussian mixture model","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-models","display_name":"covariance models","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-identification","display_name":"speaker identification","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-verification","display_name":"speaker verification","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-classification","display_name":"image classification","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"speech recognition","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207798031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8563425","display_name":"Fisher kernel","level":5,"score":0.7682855129241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7287840843200684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7185409665107727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.7176351547241211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6715454459190369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181367576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6394184","display_name":"Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis","level":4,"score":0.6683672070503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5881054997444153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5616559982299805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5036455988883972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134517425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000131","display_name":"Kernel embedding of distributions","level":4,"score":0.46863818168640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.45789745450019836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75866337","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7280263","display_name":"Radial basis function kernel","level":4,"score":0.45543819665908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171752962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255166","display_name":"Kullback\u2013Leibler divergence","level":2,"score":0.4523490369319916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.4461911618709564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.42087244987487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41735056042671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3229896128177643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2702445089817047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.11470448970794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.58.3845","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.58.3845","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.hpl.hp.com/techreports/2004/HPL-2004-4.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.9.3460","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.9.3460","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://books.nips.cc/papers/files/nips16/NIPS2003_SP02.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.993.6036","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.993.6036","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://papers.nips.cc/paper/2351-a-kullback-leibler-divergence-based-kernel-for-svm-classification-in-multimedia-applications.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2098770944","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://papers.nips.cc/paper/2351-a-kullback-leibler-divergence-based-kernel-for-svm-classification-in-multimedia-applications.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363606243","display_name":"neural information processing systems","issn_l":"1049-5258","issn":["1049-5258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neural Information Processing Systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495616333","https://openalex.org/W1894664571","https://openalex.org/W2001954572","https://openalex.org/W2119120556","https://openalex.org/W2124158580","https://openalex.org/W2126326837","https://openalex.org/W2134510082","https://openalex.org/W2148603752","https://openalex.org/W2160149277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096887350","https://openalex.org/W98936053","https://openalex.org/W1563637739","https://openalex.org/W2375308739","https://openalex.org/W2391819457","https://openalex.org/W3118942106","https://openalex.org/W1982243089","https://openalex.org/W2037363404","https://openalex.org/W1482446783","https://openalex.org/W1495616333"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"...":[0],"In":[1,28,77],"this":[2],"paper":[3],"we":[4,37],"suggest":[5],"an":[6],"alternative":[7],"procedure":[8],"to":[9],"the":[10,39,70,82,92,113,122,128],"Fisher":[11,123],"kernel":[12,16,42,66,124],"for":[13,30],"systematically":[14],"finding":[15],"functions":[17,43],"that":[18,44,108],"naturally":[19],"handle":[20],"variable":[21],"length":[22],"sequence":[23],"data":[24],"in":[25,116,131],"multimedia":[26],"domains.":[27],"particular":[29],"domains":[31],"such":[32,53],"as":[33,54],"speech":[34],"and":[35,57,87,90,102,106,119,127,134],"images":[36],"explore":[38],"use":[40],"of":[41,48,84],"take":[45],"full":[46,59],"advantage":[47],"well":[49],"known":[50],"probabilistic":[51],"models":[52],"Gaussian":[55,61],"Mixtures":[56],"single":[58],"covariance":[60],"models.":[62,76],"We":[63,96],"derive":[64],"a":[65],"distance":[67],"based":[68,125],"on":[69,99],"Kullback-Leibler":[71],"(KL)":[72],"divergence":[73],"between":[74],"generative":[75,86,129],"effect":[78],"our":[79],"approach":[80],"combines":[81],"best":[83,114],"both":[85],"discriminative":[88],"methods":[89],"replaces":[91],"standard":[93],"SVM":[94],"kernels.":[95],"perform":[97],"experiments":[98],"speaker":[100,117,132],"identification/verification":[101],"image":[103,135],"classification":[104],"tasks":[105],"show":[107],"these":[109],"new":[110],"kernels":[111],"have":[112],"performance":[115],"verification":[118],"mostly":[120],"outperform":[121],"SVM's":[126],"classifiers":[130],"identification":[133],"classification.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}