{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098698934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/313925","title":"Increased Disease Burden and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Causing Severe Community-Acquired Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Children","display_name":"Increased Disease Burden and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Causing Severe Community-Acquired Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Children","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098698934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/313925","mag":"2098698934","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10913417"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/313925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/313925","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/313925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72350973","display_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"1058-4838","issn":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071188493","display_name":"Shabir Ahmed Madhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7629-0636","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7629-0636"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167263","display_name":"South African Institute for Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05q7jp496","country_code":"ZA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107920810","https://openalex.org/I4210167263"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"S. A. Madhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, and Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, and Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145","https://openalex.org/I4210167263"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167263"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055799644","display_name":"Karen L. Petersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-5125","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-5125"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192619145","display_name":"University of the Witwatersrand","ror":"https://ror.org/03rp50x72","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167263","display_name":"South African Institute for Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05q7jp496","country_code":"ZA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107920810","https://openalex.org/I4210167263"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Petersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paediatric Infectious Disease Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167263"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108497501","display_name":"A. Madhi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167263","display_name":"South African Institute for Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05q7jp496","country_code":"ZA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107920810","https://openalex.org/I4210167263"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Madhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167263"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012793732","display_name":"MANIKANT KHOOSAL","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167263","display_name":"South African Institute for Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05q7jp496","country_code":"ZA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107920810","https://openalex.org/I4210167263"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Khoosal","raw_affiliation_strings":["South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167263"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002786213","display_name":"Keith P. Klugman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6637-728X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6637-728X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167263","display_name":"South African Institute for Medical Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05q7jp496","country_code":"ZA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107920810","https://openalex.org/I4210167263"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. P. Klugman","raw_affiliation_strings":["South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"South African Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council Pneumococcal Diseases Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167263"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071188493"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192619145","https://openalex.org/I4210167263"],"apc_list":{"value":4763,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4763},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.6481,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":256,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96300204,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"170","last_page":"176"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10654","display_name":"Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10654","display_name":"Pneumonia and Respiratory Infections","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.002400000113993883,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-1-infection","display_name":"HIV-1 infection","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-lower-respiratory-tract-infection","display_name":"pediatric lower respiratory tract infection","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-acquired-pneumonia","display_name":"community-acquired pneumonia","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bacteremia","display_name":"bacteremia","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streptococcus-pneumoniae","display_name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haemophilus-influenzae-type-b","display_name":"Haemophilus influenzae type b","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/staphylococcus-aureus","display_name":"Staphylococcus aureus","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/escherichia-coli","display_name":"Escherichia coli","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mycobacterium-tuberculosis","display_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-resistance","display_name":"antibiotic resistance","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methicillin-resistance","display_name":"methicillin resistance","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistance","display_name":"trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-fatality","display_name":"case fatality","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-burden","display_name":"disease burden","score":0.6890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8804938197135925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781253189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221179","display_name":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","level":3,"score":0.6041717529296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776399701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3631290","display_name":"Lower respiratory tract infection","level":4,"score":0.5060715079307556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776925733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141979","display_name":"Haemophilus influenzae","level":3,"score":0.5015032291412354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776012195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754447","display_name":"Respiratory tract infections","level":3,"score":0.5004467964172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187316915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92307203","display_name":"Case fatality rate","level":3,"score":0.47028589248657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.45051613450050354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779443120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q650912","display_name":"Bacteremia","level":3,"score":0.430072546005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780728791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422665","display_name":"Trimethoprim","level":3,"score":0.428845077753067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142611","display_name":"Relative risk","level":3,"score":0.41750454902648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779425571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415843","display_name":"Sulfamethoxazole","level":3,"score":0.41719844937324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.3782392740249634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3446202576160431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3214377462863922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.23323088884353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.18153682351112366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.1640002429485321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534529494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7891","display_name":"Respiratory system","level":2,"score":0.1210947334766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.06707838177680969}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004352","descriptor_name":"Drug Resistance, Microbial","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006192","descriptor_name":"Haemophilus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006192","descriptor_name":"Haemophilus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006192","descriptor_name":"Haemophilus Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006193","descriptor_name":"Haemophilus influenzae","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009169","descriptor_name":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011018","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Pneumococcal","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011018","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Pneumococcal","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011018","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Pneumococcal","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013203","descriptor_name":"Staphylococcal Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013203","descriptor_name":"Staphylococcal Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013203","descriptor_name":"Staphylococcal Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014397","descriptor_name":"Tuberculosis, Pulmonary","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016470","descriptor_name":"Bacteremia","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016470","descriptor_name":"Bacteremia","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016470","descriptor_name":"Bacteremia","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017088","descriptor_name":"AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017714","descriptor_name":"Community-Acquired Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017714","descriptor_name":"Community-Acquired Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017714","descriptor_name":"Community-Acquired Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018410","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018410","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018410","descriptor_name":"Pneumonia, Bacterial","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/313925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/313925","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/313925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72350973","display_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"1058-4838","issn":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:10913417","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10913417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131035136","https://openalex.org/W611976593","https://openalex.org/W1589818887","https://openalex.org/W1689303653","https://openalex.org/W1966820980","https://openalex.org/W2004478202","https://openalex.org/W2011971973","https://openalex.org/W2024027847","https://openalex.org/W2039670835","https://openalex.org/W2039857512","https://openalex.org/W2041096855","https://openalex.org/W2053321188","https://openalex.org/W2055484735","https://openalex.org/W2055934051","https://openalex.org/W2071270473","https://openalex.org/W2089016672","https://openalex.org/W2097879657","https://openalex.org/W2147230281","https://openalex.org/W2182303425","https://openalex.org/W2215280524","https://openalex.org/W2335496717","https://openalex.org/W2417597752","https://openalex.org/W2444556702","https://openalex.org/W2472873080"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2274031056","https://openalex.org/W2033059385","https://openalex.org/W2066519500","https://openalex.org/W2083698308","https://openalex.org/W1981534325","https://openalex.org/W2145815678","https://openalex.org/W101505399","https://openalex.org/W2039499634","https://openalex.org/W2049928680","https://openalex.org/W2053243318"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"improve":[1],"the":[2,20,44,238],"management":[3],"of":[4,22,29,82,85,92,97,105,162,184,189,225,237,241,254],"lower":[5],"respiratory":[6],"tract":[7],"infections":[8],"(LRTI)":[9],"in":[10,35,43,54,80,90,95,109,119,122,169,172,231,245],"human":[11],"immunodeficiency":[12],"virus":[13],"type":[14,139],"1":[15],"(HIV-1)-infected":[16],"children,":[17,182,211],"we":[18],"assessed":[19],"burden":[21],"disease,":[23],"clinical":[24],"outcome":[25],"and":[26,50,94,153,187,197,208,227],"antibiotic":[27,228],"susceptibility":[28,229],"bacteria":[30,226],"causing":[31],"severe":[32,65,86,107,243],"community-acquired":[33,242],"LRTI":[34,67,108,244],"children.":[36],"A":[37],"prospective,":[38],"descriptive":[39],"study":[40],"was":[41,78,165,206],"performed":[42],"pediatric":[45],"wards":[46],"at":[47],"a":[48,235,251],"secondary":[49],"tertiary":[51],"care":[52],"hospital":[53],"South":[55],"Africa.":[56],"Urban":[57],"black":[58],"children":[59,99,110,124,174,205,233,246],"aged":[60,111],"2-60":[61],"months":[62,116],"admitted":[63],"with":[64,250],"acute":[66],"from":[68,112,247],"March":[69],"1997":[70],"through":[71],"February":[72],"1998":[73],"were":[74,117,193],"enrolled.":[75],"HIV-1":[76,256],"infection":[77],"present":[79],"45.1%":[81],"1215":[83],"cases":[84],"LRTI.":[87],"Bacteremia":[88],"occurred":[89],"14.9%":[91],"HIV-1-infected":[93,120,170,181,204,232],"6.5%":[96],"HIV-1-uninfected":[98,210],"(P<.00001).":[100],"The":[101,200,222],"estimated":[102],"relative":[103],"incidence":[104],"bacteremic":[106],"2":[113],"to":[114,195],"24":[115],"greater":[118],"than":[121,171],"-uninfected":[123,173],"for":[125],"Streptococcus":[126],"pneumoniae":[127],"(risk":[128],"ratio":[129,215],"[RR],":[130],"42.9;":[131],"95%":[132,143,150,158,177,218],"confidence":[133],"interval":[134],"[CI],":[135],"20.7-90.2),":[136],"Haemophilus":[137],"influenzae":[138],"b":[140],"(RR,":[141,148,156,175],"21.4;":[142],"CI,":[144,151,159,178,219],"9.4-48.4),":[145],"Staphylococcus":[146],"aureus":[147,186],"97.9;":[149],"11.4-838.2)":[152],"Escherichia":[154],"coli":[155,191],"49.0;":[157],"15.4-156).":[160],"Isolation":[161],"Mycobacterium":[163],"tuberculosis":[164],"also":[166],"more":[167],"common":[168],"22.5;":[176],"13.4-37.6).":[179],"In":[180],"60%":[183],"S.":[185],"85.7%":[188],"E.":[190],"isolates":[192],"resistant":[194],"methicillin":[196],"trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole,":[198],"respectively.":[199],"case-fatality":[201],"rates":[202],"among":[203,209],"13.1%,":[207],"2.1%":[212],"(adjusted":[213],"odds":[214],"[AOR];":[216],"6.52,":[217],"3.53-12.05;":[220],"P<.00001).":[221],"changing":[223],"spectrum":[224],"patterns":[230],"requires":[234],"reevaluation":[236],"empirical":[239],"treatment":[240],"developing":[248],"countries":[249],"high":[252],"prevalence":[253],"childhood":[255],"infection.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
