{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098649495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2009.2029668","title":"Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Doppler Radar System for Heart and Respiratory Rate Measurements","display_name":"Signal-to-Noise Ratio in Doppler Radar System for Heart and Respiratory Rate Measurements","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098649495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2009.2029668","mag":"2098649495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmtt.2009.2029668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2009.2029668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2009.2029668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198879913","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","issn_l":"0018-9480","issn":["0018-9480","1557-9670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320754","host_organization_name":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062064220","display_name":"Amy D. Droitcour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-183X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-183X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.D. Droitcour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","[Dept. of Electr. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080653289","display_name":"Olga Bori\u0107-Lubecke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2877-7359","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2877-7359"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117965899","display_name":"University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa","ror":"https://ror.org/01wspgy28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"O. Boric-Lubecke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Hawaii, Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117965899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019052452","display_name":"G.T.A. Kovacs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0762-0080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0762-0080"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.T.A. Kovacs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","[Dept. of Electr. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electr. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9052,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":165,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82715555,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"10","first_page":"2498","last_page":"2507"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-radar","display_name":"Doppler radar","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"signal-to-noise ratio","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-measurement","display_name":"heart rate measurement","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-rate-measurement","display_name":"respiratory rate measurement","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-conversion-receiver","display_name":"direct conversion receiver","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillator-phase-noise","display_name":"oscillator phase noise","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-equation","display_name":"radar equation","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-contact-vital-sign-monitoring","display_name":"non-contact vital sign monitoring","score":0.6539999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59584813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029234","display_name":"Continuous-wave radar","level":4,"score":0.608856201171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778559676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334213","display_name":"Doppler radar","level":3,"score":0.5864176154136658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.580220103263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.4966035485267639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139931591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1029151","display_name":"Pulse-Doppler radar","level":4,"score":0.46372219920158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4584498107433319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.4452873766422272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.43856656551361084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.43808525800704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.35749197006225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35050520300865173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.32696717977523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.3169850707054138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2925112247467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2515561282634735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.15065115690231323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmtt.2009.2029668","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2009.2029668","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2009.2029668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198879913","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","issn_l":"0018-9480","issn":["0018-9480","1557-9670"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320754","host_organization_name":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320754"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.504800021648407,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83984544","https://openalex.org/W206241338","https://openalex.org/W1560685099","https://openalex.org/W1602918433","https://openalex.org/W1949923925","https://openalex.org/W2005600287","https://openalex.org/W2015795623","https://openalex.org/W2022383208","https://openalex.org/W2029758370","https://openalex.org/W2038323669","https://openalex.org/W2047763789","https://openalex.org/W2077608489","https://openalex.org/W2099743383","https://openalex.org/W2100210993","https://openalex.org/W2101162084","https://openalex.org/W2107868282","https://openalex.org/W2134363656","https://openalex.org/W2137355544","https://openalex.org/W2144454196","https://openalex.org/W2151224517","https://openalex.org/W2161739261","https://openalex.org/W2162859676","https://openalex.org/W2163430278","https://openalex.org/W2163572477","https://openalex.org/W2167355791","https://openalex.org/W3099514962","https://openalex.org/W3145074154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7053416302","https://openalex.org/W2094499142","https://openalex.org/W1501352615","https://openalex.org/W1602918433","https://openalex.org/W1908006130","https://openalex.org/W2099959499","https://openalex.org/W2170736955","https://openalex.org/W2105891650","https://openalex.org/W3084563134","https://openalex.org/W2090269566"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"CMOS":[1],"Doppler":[2],"radar":[3,21,61,113,154],"sensor":[4,114,155],"has":[5,23,35,47],"been":[6,24,36,48,82],"developed":[7,37],"and":[8,16,43,72,76,79,121,139,167,194],"used":[9],"to":[10,14,88],"measure":[11],"motion":[12],"due":[13],"heart":[15,108],"respiration.":[17],"The":[18,51,98,107,148],"quadrature":[19],"direct-conversion":[20,64],"transceiver":[22],"fully":[25],"integrated":[26],"in":[27],"0.25-mum":[28],"CMOS,":[29],"the":[30,60,63,112,153,168],"baseband":[31],"analog":[32],"signal":[33,45],"conditioning":[34],"on":[38,59,91],"a":[39,118,136,145,162,183,191,200],"printed":[40],"circuit":[41],"board,":[42],"digital":[44],"processing":[46],"performed":[49],"inMatlab.":[50],"theoretical":[52,99],"signal-to-noise":[53],"ratio":[54],"(SNR)":[55],"is":[56],"derived":[57],"based":[58],"equation,":[62],"receiver's":[65],"properties,":[66],"oscillator":[67],"phase":[68],"noise,":[69],"range":[70,138],"correlation,":[71],"receiver":[73],"noise.":[74],"Heart":[75],"respiration":[77,149,169],"signatures":[78],"rates":[80,109,150,170],"have":[81],"measured":[83],"at":[84,135,144,182,190,199],"ranges":[85],"from":[86],"0.5":[87],"2.0":[89],"m":[90],"22":[92,133,142,180,188,197],"human":[93],"subjects":[94,134,143,181,189,198],"wearing":[95],"normal":[96],"T-shirts.":[97],"SNR":[100],"expression":[101],"was":[102],"validated":[103],"with":[104,111,117,127,152,158],"this":[105],"study.":[106],"found":[110,151,160],"were":[115,123,156,171],"compared":[116,157],"three-lead":[119],"electrocardiogram,":[120],"they":[122],"within":[124,172],"5":[125],"beats/min":[126],"95%":[128],"confidence":[129],"for":[130,177],"16":[131],"of":[132,141,179,187,196],"0.5-m":[137,184],"11":[140],"1.0-m":[146,192],"range.":[147,202],"those":[159],"using":[161],"piezoelectric":[163],"respiratory":[164],"effort":[165],"belt,":[166],"five":[173],"respirations":[174],"per":[175],"minute":[176],"18":[178],"range,":[185,193],"17":[186],"19":[195],"1.5-m":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
