{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098563167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr00184","title":"Household demand for improved sanitation services in Kumasi, Ghana: A contingent valuation study","display_name":"Household demand for improved sanitation services in Kumasi, Ghana: A contingent valuation study","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098563167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr00184","mag":"2098563167"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1029/93wr00184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr00184","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr00184","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056069653","display_name":"Dale Whittington","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6075-8812","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6075-8812"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dale Whittington","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Science and Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Science and Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109149806","display_name":"Donald T. Lauria","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald T. Lauria","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025140440","display_name":"Albert M. Wright","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Albert M. Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080748309","display_name":"Kyeongae Choe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyeongae Choe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jeffrey A. Hughes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey A. Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086963584","display_name":"Venkateswarlu Swarna","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkateswarlu Swarna","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.649,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":114,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93525352,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"6","first_page":"1539","last_page":"1560"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.009600000455975533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/willingness-to-pay","display_name":"willingness to pay","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sewerage","display_name":"sewerage","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-closet","display_name":"water closet","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sanitation-subsidies","display_name":"sanitation subsidies","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/on-site-sanitation","display_name":"on-site sanitation","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kumasi","display_name":"Kumasi","score":0.718999981880188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780151969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149","display_name":"Sanitation","level":2,"score":0.9048377871513367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165895018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156849","display_name":"Sewerage","level":2,"score":0.8704359531402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780965534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3097999","display_name":"Pit latrine","level":4,"score":0.8608371019363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197743484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5615741","display_name":"Latrine","level":3,"score":0.8567647933959961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643736","display_name":"Contingent valuation","level":3,"score":0.8481683135032654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84265765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193219","display_name":"Subsidy","level":2,"score":0.6743925213813782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777364431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140813","display_name":"Willingness to pay","level":2,"score":0.6132304668426514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5192453861236572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.43197867274284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97053079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061108","display_name":"Water supply","level":2,"score":0.4301765561103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.383054256439209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.32304781675338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.29033297300338745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.20815172791481018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.1823052167892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1029/93wr00184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr00184","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/93wr00184","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S204847658","display_name":"Water Resources Research","issn_l":"0043-1397","issn":["0043-1397","1944-7973"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Water Resources Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.9333000183105469},{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.8999999761581421},{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41670000553131104}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482121314","https://openalex.org/W1975981957","https://openalex.org/W1994462373","https://openalex.org/W2008813462","https://openalex.org/W2016249143","https://openalex.org/W2058976229","https://openalex.org/W2061562897","https://openalex.org/W2076311457","https://openalex.org/W2076561841","https://openalex.org/W2099724353","https://openalex.org/W2116465483","https://openalex.org/W2117260934","https://openalex.org/W2318930241","https://openalex.org/W2891423662","https://openalex.org/W4300550956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W168417592","https://openalex.org/W2016249143","https://openalex.org/W2345036715","https://openalex.org/W4391546079","https://openalex.org/W2611669112","https://openalex.org/W3039320484","https://openalex.org/W3117052723","https://openalex.org/W6925955538","https://openalex.org/W1987371292","https://openalex.org/W2226258064"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"contingent":[1,197,204],"valuation":[2,198,205],"survey":[3],"was":[4],"conducted":[5,188],"in":[6,71,212,214],"Kumasi,":[7],"Ghana,":[8],"to":[9,13,30,48,111,133,166,182,189,196],"estimate":[10],"households'":[11],"willingness":[12],"pay":[14,49,167],"for":[15,51,60,171,177,217,234],"two":[16],"types":[17],"of":[18,82,85,93,98,115,138,193],"improved":[19,22,52,150],"sanitation":[20,53,63,142,222,236],"services:":[21],"ventilated":[23,144,151,173],"pit":[24,145,152,174],"latrines":[25,153],"and":[26,67,160,223],"water":[27,179],"closets":[28],"connected":[29,181],"a":[31,172,178,183],"sewer":[32],"system.":[33],"Over":[34],"1200":[35],"randomly":[36],"selected":[37],"households":[38,45,78,116,163],"throughout":[39],"the":[40,74,83,99,102,112,122,191],"city":[41],"were":[42,46,57,187],"interviewed.":[43],"Most":[44],"willing":[47,165],"more":[50],"service":[54],"than":[55,157],"they":[56],"currently":[58],"paying":[59],"their":[61],"existing":[62],"system":[64],"(mostly":[65],"public":[66,218],"bucket":[68],"latrines),":[69],"but":[70],"absolute":[72],"terms":[73],"potential":[75],"revenues":[76],"from":[77],"are":[79,131,154,164],"not":[80,109],"large,":[81],"order":[84],"US$1.40":[86],"per":[87,89],"household":[88,94,232],"month":[90],"(about":[91],"1\u20132%":[92],"income).":[95],"The":[96,200],"results":[97],"study":[100],"confirm":[101],"conventional":[103,106,158],"wisdom":[104],"that":[105,127,203,224],"sewerage":[107,159],"is":[108,148],"affordable":[110],"vast":[113],"majority":[114],"without":[117],"massive":[118],"government":[119],"subsidies.":[120],"On":[121],"other":[123],"hand,":[124],"it":[125],"appears":[126],"only":[128],"modest":[129],"subsidies":[130],"required":[132],"achieve":[134],"relatively":[135],"high":[136],"levels":[137],"coverage":[139],"with":[140],"on\u2010site":[141],"(improved":[143],"latrines).":[146],"This":[147],"because":[149,161],"much":[155,170],"cheaper":[156],"most":[162],"about":[168],"as":[169,176,221],"latrine":[175],"closet":[180],"sewer.":[184],"Several":[185],"tests":[186],"check":[190],"accuracy":[192],"respondents'":[194],"answers":[195],"questions.":[199],"findings":[201],"indicate":[202],"surveys":[206],"can":[207,228],"be":[208,229],"successfully":[209],"carried":[210],"out":[211],"cities":[213],"developing":[215],"countries":[216],"services":[219],"such":[220],"reasonably":[225],"reliable":[226],"information":[227],"obtained":[230],"on":[231],"demand":[233],"different":[235],"technologies.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
