{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098201873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.8.530","title":"Urine Drug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients: Licit and Illicit Drug Patterns","display_name":"Urine Drug Testing of Chronic Pain Patients: Licit and Illicit Drug Patterns","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098201873","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.8.530","mag":"2098201873","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19007501"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jat/32.8.530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.8.530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.8.530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140972820","display_name":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology","issn_l":"0146-4760","issn":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110819058","display_name":"Edward J. Cone","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"E. J. Cone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. edward.cone@comcast.net","Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. edward.cone@comcast.net","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005555357","display_name":"Yale H. Caplan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Y. H. Caplan","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Scientific Services, Baltimore, Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Scientific Services, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037393940","display_name":"David L. Black","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800669848","display_name":"Tennessee Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/03g8swq49","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800669848"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. L. Black","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aegis Sciences Corp., Nashville, Tennessee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aegis Sciences Corp., Nashville, Tennessee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800669848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069818985","display_name":"Timothy A. Robert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800669848","display_name":"Tennessee Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/03g8swq49","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800669848"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Robert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aegis Sciences Corp., Nashville, Tennessee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aegis Sciences Corp., Nashville, Tennessee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800669848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"F. Moser","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800669848","display_name":"Tennessee Department of Transportation","ror":"https://ror.org/03g8swq49","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800669848"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Moser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aegis Sciences Corp., Nashville, Tennessee"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aegis Sciences Corp., Nashville, Tennessee","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800669848"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110819058"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"],"apc_list":{"value":4823,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4823},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.7894,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98879724,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"8","first_page":"530","last_page":"543"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10800","display_name":"Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10800","display_name":"Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10576","display_name":"Opioid Use Disorder Treatment","score":0.006200000178068876,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10043","display_name":"Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urine-drug-testing","display_name":"urine drug testing","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-pain","display_name":"chronic pain","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opioid-analgesics","display_name":"opioid analgesics","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illicit-drug-use","display_name":"illicit drug use","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benzodiazepines","display_name":"benzodiazepines","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barbiturates","display_name":"barbiturates","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cannabinoids","display_name":"cannabinoids","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cocaine","display_name":"cocaine","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methadone","display_name":"methadone","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fentanyl","display_name":"fentanyl","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opiates","display_name":"opiates","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carisoprodol","display_name":"carisoprodol","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propoxyphene","display_name":"propoxyphene","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-use-patterns","display_name":"drug use patterns","score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-adherence","display_name":"medication adherence","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-metabolites","display_name":"drug metabolites","score":0.6029999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777537440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2499888","display_name":"Benzoylecgonine","level":3,"score":0.7857562303543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8386","display_name":"Drug","level":2,"score":0.7720674276351929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777056318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79817","display_name":"Cannabis","level":2,"score":0.6950674653053284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C508975757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2268608","display_name":"Propoxyphene","level":3,"score":0.6671544313430786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.629814624786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779488553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625143","display_name":"Ecstasy","level":2,"score":0.5971720814704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40924","display_name":"Urine","level":2,"score":0.5534336566925049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.542555570602417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909138979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38523","display_name":"Drug detection","level":2,"score":0.5295454263687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781118164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088113","display_name":"Chronic pain","level":2,"score":0.47419172525405884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781063702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q427523","display_name":"Opioid","level":3,"score":0.4737958312034607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911165735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1260023","display_name":"Substance Abuse Detection","level":3,"score":0.445831835269928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.4406053423881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2527839243412018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780820201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173235","display_name":"Analgesic","level":2,"score":0.22468730807304382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.16322335600852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.10144069790840149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000662","descriptor_name":"Amphetamines","qualifier_ui":"Q000652","qualifier_name":"urine","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000701","descriptor_name":"Analgesics, Opioid","qualifier_ui":"Q000652","qualifier_name":"urine","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001569","descriptor_name":"Benzodiazepines","qualifier_ui":"Q000652","qualifier_name":"urine","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002186","descriptor_name":"Cannabinoids","qualifier_ui":"Q000652","qualifier_name":"urine","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002328","descriptor_name":"Carisoprodol","qualifier_ui":"Q000652","qualifier_name":"urine","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002908","descriptor_name":"Chronic Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004364","descriptor_name":"Pharmaceutical Preparations","qualifier_ui":"Q000652","qualifier_name":"urine","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008691","descriptor_name":"Methadone","qualifier_ui":"Q000652","qualifier_name":"urine","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000652","qualifier_name":"urine","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015813","descriptor_name":"Substance Abuse Detection","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jat/32.8.530","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.8.530","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/32.8.530","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140972820","display_name":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology","issn_l":"0146-4760","issn":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19007501","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19007501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7838549","https://openalex.org/W38606584","https://openalex.org/W1663610756","https://openalex.org/W1776694187","https://openalex.org/W1928947101","https://openalex.org/W1964697512","https://openalex.org/W1971364989","https://openalex.org/W1971563384","https://openalex.org/W1980398973","https://openalex.org/W1985078287","https://openalex.org/W1985733239","https://openalex.org/W2002839844","https://openalex.org/W2037737308","https://openalex.org/W2044783221","https://openalex.org/W2045673112","https://openalex.org/W2053741307","https://openalex.org/W2054902213","https://openalex.org/W2055376632","https://openalex.org/W2057765792","https://openalex.org/W2073169938","https://openalex.org/W2082188637","https://openalex.org/W2095755089","https://openalex.org/W2096628021","https://openalex.org/W2099863580","https://openalex.org/W2119283923","https://openalex.org/W2126880212","https://openalex.org/W2133232046","https://openalex.org/W2145126566","https://openalex.org/W2161504208","https://openalex.org/W2163860788","https://openalex.org/W2320377137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069823906","https://openalex.org/W98768606","https://openalex.org/W2144266470","https://openalex.org/W7096336877","https://openalex.org/W2119296401","https://openalex.org/W1899181691","https://openalex.org/W4293689788","https://openalex.org/W32630608","https://openalex.org/W2117150434","https://openalex.org/W2750187401"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chronic":[0],"pain":[1,57,198],"patients":[2],"are":[3],"frequently":[4],"maintained":[5],"on":[6,32,182],"one":[7],"or":[8],"more":[9],"powerful":[10],"opioid":[11],"medications":[12],"in":[13,48,143,197],"combination":[14],"with":[15],"other":[16],"psychoactive":[17],"medications.":[18],"Urine":[19],"tests":[20],"provide":[21],"objective":[22],"information":[23,29,181],"regarding":[24],"patient":[25],"compliance":[26],"status.":[27],"Little":[28],"is":[30],"available":[31],"testing":[33],"this":[34,40,172],"unique":[35],"population.":[36],"The":[37,71,156],"goal":[38],"of":[39,56,73,79,128,158,171,180],"study":[41,170],"was":[42,165],"to":[43],"characterize":[44],"drug":[45,69,124,129,145,160,186,188],"disposition":[46],"patterns":[47],"urine":[49],"specimens":[50,64,82],"collected":[51],"from":[52],"a":[53,177],"large":[54,178],"population":[55],"patients.":[58,199],"Confirmation":[59],"data":[60,175],"for":[61],"10,922":[62,134],"positive":[63,81,135,142],"were":[65,83,139,150],"collated":[66],"into":[67,121],"11":[68],"Classes.":[70],"number":[72,78],"drug/metabolites":[74,149],"tested":[75],"(#)":[76],"and":[77,116,147,184,193],"confirmed":[80],"as":[84,141],"follows:":[85],"amphetamines":[86],"(7),":[87,114],"160;":[88],"barbiturates":[89],"(5),":[90],"308;":[91],"benzodiazepines":[92],"(6),":[93],"2397;":[94],"cannabinoids":[95],"(1),":[96,102,105],"967;":[97],"carisoprodol":[98],"(2),":[99,108,111,118],"611;":[100],"cocaine":[101],"310;":[103],"fentanyl":[104],"458;":[106],"meperidine":[107],"58;":[109],"methadone":[110],"1209;":[112],"opiates":[113],"8996;":[115],"propoxyphene":[117],"385.":[119],"Subdivision":[120],"19":[122],"distinct":[123],"Groups":[125],"allowed":[126],"characterization":[127],"use":[130,161,195],"patterns.":[131],"Of":[132],"the":[133,168],"specimens,":[136],"15,859":[137],"results":[138],"reported":[140],"various":[144],"Classes,":[146],"27,197":[148],"measured":[151],"by":[152],"gas":[153],"chromatography-mass":[154],"spectrometry.":[155],"frequency":[157],"illicit":[159,185],"(cannabis,":[162],"cocaine,":[163],"ecstasy)":[164],"10.8%.":[166],"Being":[167],"first":[169],"type,":[173],"these":[174],"present":[176],"array":[179],"licit":[183],"use,":[187],"detection":[189],"frequencies,":[190],"drug/metabolite":[191],"patterns,":[192],"multi-drug":[194],"combinations":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}