{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2098009451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.1.59","title":"Homocyst(e)ine and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the evidence with special emphasis on case-control studies and nested case-control studies","display_name":"Homocyst(e)ine and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the evidence with special emphasis on case-control studies and nested case-control studies","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2098009451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.1.59","mag":"2098009451","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11914295"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.59","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.1.59","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.1.59","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13389975","display_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0300-5771","issn":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110025831","display_name":"Earl S. Ford","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289490764","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113004","display_name":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/021rths28","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I4210113004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Earl S Ford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210113004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103490098","display_name":"S. Jay Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S Jay Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068936587","display_name":"Donna Fox Stroup","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1699-4671","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1699-4671"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donna F Stroup","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111666387","display_name":"KAREN K. STEINBERG","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karen K Steinberg","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111751939","display_name":"Patricia W. Mueller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia W Mueller","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108821742","display_name":"Stephen B. Thacker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen B Thacker","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110025831"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289490764","https://openalex.org/I4210113004"],"apc_list":{"value":3423,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4514},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0987,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":232,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9686747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"59","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10499","display_name":"Folate and B Vitamins Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10499","display_name":"Folate and B Vitamins Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11027","display_name":"Metabolism and Genetic Disorders","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1308","display_name":"Clinical Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10866","display_name":"Nutritional Studies and Diet","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homocysteine","display_name":"homocysteine","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-disease","display_name":"cardiovascular disease","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronary-artery-disease","display_name":"coronary artery disease","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cerebrovascular-disease","display_name":"cerebrovascular disease","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vascular-risk","display_name":"vascular risk","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-control-study","display_name":"case-control study","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nested-case-control-study","display_name":"nested case-control study","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prospective-cohort-study","display_name":"prospective cohort","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/odds-ratio","display_name":"odds ratio","score":0.39500001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperhomocysteinemia","display_name":"hyperhomocysteinemia","score":0.8140000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6985288858413696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1266890","display_name":"Vascular disease","level":2,"score":0.5629204511642456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165617652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17071134","display_name":"Nested case-control study","level":3,"score":0.5584203600883484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.5387948155403137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146304588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961652","display_name":"Case-control study","level":2,"score":0.5338287353515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018906752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844935","display_name":"Coronary heart disease","level":2,"score":0.5310851335525513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4033609628677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.3264370560646057}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002318","descriptor_name":"Cardiovascular Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003327","descriptor_name":"Coronary Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003327","descriptor_name":"Coronary Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006710","descriptor_name":"Homocysteine","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015986","descriptor_name":"Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.59","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.1.59","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.1.59","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13389975","display_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0300-5771","issn":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:11914295","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11914295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of epidemiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9940000176429749,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":128,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W90081202","https://openalex.org/W290844885","https://openalex.org/W1571571888","https://openalex.org/W1599170905","https://openalex.org/W1601668898","https://openalex.org/W1708861499","https://openalex.org/W1799561359","https://openalex.org/W1843448893","https://openalex.org/W1890621397","https://openalex.org/W1902561095","https://openalex.org/W1953850870","https://openalex.org/W1964365809","https://openalex.org/W1964395399","https://openalex.org/W1965029028","https://openalex.org/W1967371862","https://openalex.org/W1975357252","https://openalex.org/W1976358128","https://openalex.org/W1980300818","https://openalex.org/W1985728875","https://openalex.org/W1985846516","https://openalex.org/W1985850018","https://openalex.org/W1988068836","https://openalex.org/W1990926399","https://openalex.org/W1991143380","https://openalex.org/W1993145269","https://openalex.org/W1997995656","https://openalex.org/W1998033890","https://openalex.org/W1998275162","https://openalex.org/W1998502622","https://openalex.org/W1999649023","https://openalex.org/W2003181433","https://openalex.org/W2003336284","https://openalex.org/W2010202776","https://openalex.org/W2012491126","https://openalex.org/W2014270553","https://openalex.org/W2017170928","https://openalex.org/W2018893166","https://openalex.org/W2021905990","https://openalex.org/W2022553195","https://openalex.org/W2026203813","https://openalex.org/W2027665192","https://openalex.org/W2031374350","https://openalex.org/W2038886783","https://openalex.org/W2045649046","https://openalex.org/W2049985505","https://openalex.org/W2051645764","https://openalex.org/W2052058340","https://openalex.org/W2057741053","https://openalex.org/W2058737278","https://openalex.org/W2060670481","https://openalex.org/W2061442540","https://openalex.org/W2061449958","https://openalex.org/W2064532295","https://openalex.org/W2065408241","https://openalex.org/W2068363930","https://openalex.org/W2068655336","https://openalex.org/W2071881218","https://openalex.org/W2073699399","https://openalex.org/W2075980325","https://openalex.org/W2079604516","https://openalex.org/W2084667407","https://openalex.org/W2087461651","https://openalex.org/W2088243607","https://openalex.org/W2089720163","https://openalex.org/W2090362854","https://openalex.org/W2091329460","https://openalex.org/W2092161608","https://openalex.org/W2094548662","https://openalex.org/W2096502353","https://openalex.org/W2096529038","https://openalex.org/W2097427465","https://openalex.org/W2099107808","https://openalex.org/W2102301691","https://openalex.org/W2103637454","https://openalex.org/W2105276853","https://openalex.org/W2107328434","https://openalex.org/W2107642632","https://openalex.org/W2108484297","https://openalex.org/W2109291856","https://openalex.org/W2110034955","https://openalex.org/W2110807383","https://openalex.org/W2111644329","https://openalex.org/W2113957464","https://openalex.org/W2118906086","https://openalex.org/W2123507435","https://openalex.org/W2128037375","https://openalex.org/W2130780306","https://openalex.org/W2131519912","https://openalex.org/W2132470039","https://openalex.org/W2134979646","https://openalex.org/W2135344979","https://openalex.org/W2135409897","https://openalex.org/W2135806783","https://openalex.org/W2140328987","https://openalex.org/W2141324606","https://openalex.org/W2142419120","https://openalex.org/W2143669999","https://openalex.org/W2143907402","https://openalex.org/W2145245816","https://openalex.org/W2145734151","https://openalex.org/W2146029011","https://openalex.org/W2147241692","https://openalex.org/W2152148859","https://openalex.org/W2153214113","https://openalex.org/W2153871972","https://openalex.org/W2156158060","https://openalex.org/W2156997639","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2168267865","https://openalex.org/W2317172136","https://openalex.org/W2328056838","https://openalex.org/W2332685851","https://openalex.org/W2335681587","https://openalex.org/W2339089483","https://openalex.org/W2342150662","https://openalex.org/W2409516397","https://openalex.org/W2409541945","https://openalex.org/W2414455310","https://openalex.org/W2425171766","https://openalex.org/W2467902823","https://openalex.org/W2504335330","https://openalex.org/W3159326070","https://openalex.org/W3159361206","https://openalex.org/W4210944785","https://openalex.org/W4234437490","https://openalex.org/W4243358915","https://openalex.org/W4251024458","https://openalex.org/W4302807288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099107808","https://openalex.org/W2130036162","https://openalex.org/W4236826520","https://openalex.org/W2076967637","https://openalex.org/W2465561602","https://openalex.org/W2143907402","https://openalex.org/W7096947389","https://openalex.org/W2027665192","https://openalex.org/W2129460144","https://openalex.org/W2103134519"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Elevated":[1],"concentrations":[2],"of":[3,11,114,125,138,163,174,187,211,221],"homocyst(e)ine":[4,40,103,152,203,217],"are":[5],"thought":[6],"to":[7,235],"increase":[8,101,150],"the":[9,93,144,219],"risk":[10],"vascular":[12],"diseases":[13],"including":[14],"coronary":[15,43,71,90],"heart":[16,44,72,91],"disease":[17,45,73,82],"and":[18,31,37,42,46,77,129,178,205],"cerebrovascular":[19,47,81,142],"disease.":[20,48,207],"METHODS:":[21],"We":[22,50],"searched":[23],"MEDLINE":[24],"(1966-1999),":[25],"EMBASE":[26],"(1974-1999),":[27],"SciSearch":[28],"(1974-":[29],"1999),":[30],"Dissertation":[32],"Abstracts":[33],"(1999)":[34],"for":[35,98,111,122,135,147,160,171,184,199,216],"articles":[36],"theses":[38],"about":[39],"concentration":[41,104,153,204],"RESULTS:":[49],"included":[51],"57":[52],"publications":[53,113,124,137,162,173,186],"(3":[54],"cohort":[55,115,164],"studies,":[56,60,116,128,165,177],"12":[57],"nested":[58,126,175],"case-control":[59,62,127,139,176,188,197],"42":[61],"studies)":[63],"that":[64],"reported":[65],"results":[66],"on":[67],"5518":[68],"people":[69,79],"with":[70,80],"(11,068":[74],"control":[75,84],"subjects)":[76,85],"1817":[78],"(4787":[83],"in":[86,102,151,218],"our":[87],"analysis.":[88],"For":[89,141],"disease,":[92,143,223],"summary":[94,145],"odds":[95],"ratios":[96],"(OR)":[97],"a":[99,148,214],"5-micromol/l":[100,149],"were":[105,154],"1.06":[106],"(95%":[107,118,131,156,167,180],"CI":[108,119,132,157,168,181],":":[109,120,133,158,169,182],"0.99-1.13)":[110],"2":[112,161],"1.23":[117],"1.07-1.41)":[121],"10":[123],"1.70":[130],"1.50-1.93)":[134],"26":[136],"studies.":[140,189],"OR":[146],"1.10":[155],"0.94-1.28)":[159],"1.58":[166],"1.35-1.85)":[170],"5":[172],"2.16":[179],"1.65-2.82)":[183],"17":[185],"CONCLUSIONS:":[190],"Prospective":[191],"studies":[192,198,229],"offer":[193],"weaker":[194],"support":[195,213],"than":[196],"an":[200],"association":[201],"between":[202],"cardiovascular":[206,222],"Although":[208],"other":[209],"lines":[210],"evidence":[212],"role":[215],"pathogenesis":[220],"more":[224],"information":[225],"from":[226],"prospective":[227],"epidemiological":[228],"or":[230],"clinical":[231],"trials":[232],"is":[233],"needed":[234],"clarify":[236],"this":[237],"role.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
