{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097935219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(87)90045-8","title":"A meta-analytic study of the effects of goal setting on task performance: 1966\u20131984","display_name":"A meta-analytic study of the effects of goal setting on task performance: 1966\u20131984","publication_year":1987,"publication_date":"1987-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097935219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(87)90045-8","mag":"2097935219"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0749-5978(87)90045-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(87)90045-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(87)90045-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64744539","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes","issn_l":"0749-5978","issn":["0749-5978","1095-9920"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-1","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070617760","display_name":"Anthony J. Mento","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165556055","display_name":"Loyola University Maryland","ror":"https://ror.org/01by1wp65","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165556055"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony J Mento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Loyola College in Maryland U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loyola College in Maryland U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165556055"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029846648","display_name":"Robert P. Steel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55061410","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03f9f1d95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294991024","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2802362820","https://openalex.org/I4210089612","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert P Steel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Institute of Technology U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Institute of Technology U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55061410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056366030","display_name":"Ronald J. Karren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald J Karren","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070617760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165556055"],"apc_list":{"value":3530,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3530},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":45.766,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":603,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99942726,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"1","first_page":"52","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.3411000072956085,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11542","display_name":"Behavioral Health and Interventions","score":0.3411000072956085,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.18029999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11543","display_name":"Employee Performance and Motivation","score":0.12300000339746475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-setting","display_name":"goal setting","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task-performance","display_name":"task performance","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-difficulty","display_name":"goal difficulty","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/goal-specificity","display_name":"goal specificity","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feedback","display_name":"feedback","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/participative-goal-setting","display_name":"participative goal setting","score":0.902999997138977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7788816690444946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93225998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941972","display_name":"Moderation","level":2,"score":0.7782940864562988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199027","display_name":"Goal setting","level":2,"score":0.7610104084014893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7164362668991089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.613786518573761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84653758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5575175","display_name":"Goal orientation","level":2,"score":0.6110070943832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5786483883857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.485128253698349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4022497236728668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1614917516708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0749-5978(87)90045-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(87)90045-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(87)90045-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64744539","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes","issn_l":"0749-5978","issn":["0749-5978","1095-9920"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","fnege-1","ft50","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:jobhdp:v:39:y:1987:i:1:p:52-83","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0749-5978(87)90045-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":131,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560647893","https://openalex.org/W1963680118","https://openalex.org/W1964874648","https://openalex.org/W1966352720","https://openalex.org/W1966857577","https://openalex.org/W1967950681","https://openalex.org/W1968110519","https://openalex.org/W1970853772","https://openalex.org/W1972974378","https://openalex.org/W1973447613","https://openalex.org/W1976526874","https://openalex.org/W1978553583","https://openalex.org/W1978939421","https://openalex.org/W1979342075","https://openalex.org/W1982070737","https://openalex.org/W1984598273","https://openalex.org/W1985228940","https://openalex.org/W1986817465","https://openalex.org/W1987243630","https://openalex.org/W1987264958","https://openalex.org/W1989152715","https://openalex.org/W1989325121","https://openalex.org/W1994461784","https://openalex.org/W1996671157","https://openalex.org/W1997035961","https://openalex.org/W1997226071","https://openalex.org/W2000838355","https://openalex.org/W2006256024","https://openalex.org/W2007326207","https://openalex.org/W2007919441","https://openalex.org/W2008305539","https://openalex.org/W2012882800","https://openalex.org/W2013140706","https://openalex.org/W2015264714","https://openalex.org/W2015981611","https://openalex.org/W2021226537","https://openalex.org/W2021528856","https://openalex.org/W2022337910","https://openalex.org/W2022619555","https://openalex.org/W2022871190","https://openalex.org/W2024519505","https://openalex.org/W2025155989","https://openalex.org/W2025793168","https://openalex.org/W2026630967","https://openalex.org/W2027131646","https://openalex.org/W2027182499","https://openalex.org/W2031111312","https://openalex.org/W2031407187","https://openalex.org/W2031619427","https://openalex.org/W2031630383","https://openalex.org/W2034922057","https://openalex.org/W2036090905","https://openalex.org/W2037882019","https://openalex.org/W2038069945","https://openalex.org/W2039175838","https://openalex.org/W2043221916","https://openalex.org/W2043976977","https://openalex.org/W2047417210","https://openalex.org/W2052574647","https://openalex.org/W2053486258","https://openalex.org/W2054108119","https://openalex.org/W2054291424","https://openalex.org/W2054564961","https://openalex.org/W2055231754","https://openalex.org/W2056354572","https://openalex.org/W2056616362","https://openalex.org/W2058274150","https://openalex.org/W2059058339","https://openalex.org/W2060287950","https://openalex.org/W2062627622","https://openalex.org/W2065122769","https://openalex.org/W2065990732","https://openalex.org/W2066310381","https://openalex.org/W2067177163","https://openalex.org/W2068788963","https://openalex.org/W2072834482","https://openalex.org/W2077863154","https://openalex.org/W2077972363","https://openalex.org/W2079455133","https://openalex.org/W2080787657","https://openalex.org/W2081415464","https://openalex.org/W2084656031","https://openalex.org/W2084752976","https://openalex.org/W2086242051","https://openalex.org/W2086297775","https://openalex.org/W2088222016","https://openalex.org/W2088752125","https://openalex.org/W2090585564","https://openalex.org/W2091029306","https://openalex.org/W2093450704","https://openalex.org/W2093954336","https://openalex.org/W2095999257","https://openalex.org/W2103239767","https://openalex.org/W2105321268","https://openalex.org/W2108723401","https://openalex.org/W2114497763","https://openalex.org/W2115761631","https://openalex.org/W2119161897","https://openalex.org/W2120469458","https://openalex.org/W2122393754","https://openalex.org/W2122676534","https://openalex.org/W2124282042","https://openalex.org/W2124957134","https://openalex.org/W2130213395","https://openalex.org/W2130252134","https://openalex.org/W2130695664","https://openalex.org/W2132223410","https://openalex.org/W2135952494","https://openalex.org/W2144190976","https://openalex.org/W2147513596","https://openalex.org/W2162874488","https://openalex.org/W2163237182","https://openalex.org/W2164286536","https://openalex.org/W2169106160","https://openalex.org/W2169904399","https://openalex.org/W2171422225","https://openalex.org/W2314850525","https://openalex.org/W2321279984","https://openalex.org/W2324239826","https://openalex.org/W2325005280","https://openalex.org/W2326726885","https://openalex.org/W2327727924","https://openalex.org/W2328033601","https://openalex.org/W2328223440","https://openalex.org/W2330659464","https://openalex.org/W2335245033","https://openalex.org/W2542273372","https://openalex.org/W2995061891","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6639530741","https://openalex.org/W6771522848"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2067506429","https://openalex.org/W2366826558","https://openalex.org/W7207906938","https://openalex.org/W2659671107","https://openalex.org/W2117573742","https://openalex.org/W2034922057","https://openalex.org/W2088081853","https://openalex.org/W1984519229","https://openalex.org/W1988756060","https://openalex.org/W1522380719"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}