{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097420533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","title":"The Demand for International Reserves: A Case Study of Pakistan","display_name":"The Demand for International Reserves: A Case Study of Pakistan","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097420533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","mag":"2097420533"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765041547","display_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","issn_l":"0030-9729","issn":["0030-9729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324096558","host_organization_name":"Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324096558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102730831","display_name":"Karim Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8689-9245","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8689-9245","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9976-0258"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karim Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Eatzaz Ahmed","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eatzaz Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102730831"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7078,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89154098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"939","last_page":"957"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10503","display_name":"Global Financial Crisis and Policies","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10503","display_name":"Global Financial Crisis and Policies","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.018300000578165054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-exchange-reserves","display_name":"foreign exchange reserves","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exchange-rate-stability","display_name":"exchange rate stability","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fixed-exchange-rates","display_name":"fixed exchange rates","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balance-of-payments-imbalances","display_name":"balance of payments imbalances","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/currency-depreciation","display_name":"currency depreciation","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistan","display_name":"Pakistan","score":0.609000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121232785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317617","display_name":"Foreign-exchange reserves","level":3,"score":0.8284102082252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7057355046272278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141121606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142","display_name":"Currency","level":2,"score":0.6631572246551514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109948328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140845","display_name":"Balance of payments","level":2,"score":0.6027920246124268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.5891672968864441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776988154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66100","display_name":"Exchange rate","level":2,"score":0.5743430256843567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95383336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4198710","display_name":"Depreciation (economics)","level":5,"score":0.5522791147232056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200941418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273508","display_name":"Inflation (cosmology)","level":2,"score":0.5063742399215698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148761745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1563203","display_name":"Sterilization (economics)","level":4,"score":0.498319149017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.4866548180580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120527767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3196867","display_name":"Debt","level":2,"score":0.45829471945762634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57031852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5419533","display_name":"Excess reserves","level":5,"score":0.4397008419036865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73374054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2995667","display_name":"Economic stability","level":2,"score":0.43096596002578735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150149615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058762","display_name":"Reserve requirement","level":4,"score":0.38872000575065613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.35433337092399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536366893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66076","display_name":"Foreign exchange market","level":3,"score":0.30632397532463074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126285488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178476","display_name":"Monetary policy","level":2,"score":0.25845956802368164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2519603371620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.23560386896133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992735868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66344","display_name":"Central bank","level":3,"score":0.2240276038646698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.1592925786972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44750222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897397","display_name":"Financial capital","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58202505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035700","display_name":"Capital formation","level":4,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765041547","display_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","issn_l":"0030-9729","issn":["0030-9729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324096558","host_organization_name":"Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324096558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pid:journl:v:44:y:2005:i:4:p:939-957","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/2005/Volume4/939-957.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.pide.org.pk/pdf/PDR/2005/Volume4/939-957.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.939-957","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765041547","display_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","issn_l":"0030-9729","issn":["0030-9729"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-c","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4324096558","host_organization_name":"Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4324096558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Pakistan Development Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W593234464","https://openalex.org/W1508159496","https://openalex.org/W1587141723","https://openalex.org/W1602379245","https://openalex.org/W1780418248","https://openalex.org/W1963912781","https://openalex.org/W1973249345","https://openalex.org/W1982548741","https://openalex.org/W1984373832","https://openalex.org/W1991758080","https://openalex.org/W2002230600","https://openalex.org/W2004345706","https://openalex.org/W2023304717","https://openalex.org/W2031650702","https://openalex.org/W2034707435","https://openalex.org/W2045706269","https://openalex.org/W2056213110","https://openalex.org/W2071126102","https://openalex.org/W2083468249","https://openalex.org/W2102080239","https://openalex.org/W2108122190","https://openalex.org/W2147167805","https://openalex.org/W2153562738","https://openalex.org/W2319937109","https://openalex.org/W2335266779","https://openalex.org/W2489977932","https://openalex.org/W2764651386","https://openalex.org/W3121746299","https://openalex.org/W3124602491","https://openalex.org/W3125492189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098524843","https://openalex.org/W2109425170","https://openalex.org/W3147984519","https://openalex.org/W7095479423","https://openalex.org/W7220155751","https://openalex.org/W3083834818","https://openalex.org/W2787345056","https://openalex.org/W1564446596","https://openalex.org/W3150840982","https://openalex.org/W2182559188"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Foreign":[0],"exchange":[1,7,30,42,53,64,140],"reserves":[2,23,31,65,105,123,130],"have":[3,19],"clear":[4],"implications":[5],"for":[6,14],"rate":[8,43,141],"stability,":[9],"financial":[10,156],"markets,":[11],"and":[12,34],"hence,":[13],"overall":[15],"economic":[16,137],"activity.":[17],"Stakeholders":[18],"different":[20],"views":[21],"about":[22,85,95],"holding.":[24],"Some":[25],"economists":[26,60],"believe":[27],"that":[28,48,62,109,126],"foreign":[29,52,63,175],"are":[32,93],"useless":[33],"unutilised":[35,51],"as":[36,177,179],"Friedman":[37],"(1953)":[38],"criticised":[39],"the":[40,46,56,72,86,96,107,120,127,136,148,151],"fixed":[41],"system":[44],"with":[45],"argument":[47],"it":[49,186],"contains":[50],"reserves.":[54,100,117],"On":[55],"other":[57],"hand,":[58],"some":[59],"argue":[61,125],"should":[66],"be":[67],"there":[68],"to":[69,88,115,135],"smooth":[70],"out":[71],"imbalances":[73],"in":[74,113,147,174],"balance":[75],"of":[76,98,103,122,129,139,150,169,182],"payments":[77],"[see":[78],"Kemal":[79],"(2002)].":[80],"There":[81],"is":[82,106,132],"continuous":[83],"debate":[84],"need":[87],"hold":[89],"reserves.1":[90],"The":[91,101],"critics":[92],"worried":[94],"cost":[97,102,128],"holding":[99,104,124,131],"investment":[108],"nations":[110],"must":[111],"forego":[112],"order":[114],"accumulate":[116],"In":[118],"contrast,":[119],"supporters":[121],"small":[133],"compared":[134],"consequences":[138],"variations.":[142],"For":[143],"instance,":[144],"a":[145,166],"depreciation":[146],"value":[149],"currency,":[152],"caused":[153],"by":[154],"either":[155],"crises":[157],"or":[158,161],"others":[159],"internal":[160],"external":[162],"shocks,":[163],"may":[164],"raise":[165],"country\u2019s":[167],"costs":[168,181],"paying":[170],"back":[171],"debt":[172],"denominated":[173],"currency":[176],"well":[178],"its":[180],"imported":[183],"items.":[184],"Besides,":[185],"also":[187],"creates":[188],"high":[189],"inflation":[190],"expectations.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-09T09:14:12.587421","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
