{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097347001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/32.310673","title":"Measuring functional cohesion","display_name":"Measuring functional cohesion","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097347001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/32.310673","mag":"2097347001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/32.310673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/32.310673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/32.310673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006828223","display_name":"James M. Bieman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.M. Bieman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089915810","display_name":"Linda M. Ott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7731-2369","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7731-2369"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.M. Ott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.8033,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":251,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98047994,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"8","first_page":"644","last_page":"657"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10126","display_name":"Logic, programming, and type systems","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohesion-measurement","display_name":"cohesion measurement","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-metrics","display_name":"software metrics","score":0.41499999165534973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104054115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216828","display_name":"Cohesion (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.7495644092559814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7495630383491516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.4553644061088562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4318062365055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4239123463630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.4227331578731537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.39473289251327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.33899733424186707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.07006850838661194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/32.310673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/32.310673","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/32.310673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.13.9028","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.13.9028","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~bieman/Pubs/tse94.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.374.9957","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.374.9957","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.colostate.edu/TechReports/Reports/1993/tr-109.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.50.4129","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.50.4129","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~ftppub/TechReports/1993/tr-109.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.55.1682","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.55.1682","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~bieman/myftpdir/functional-cohesion.long.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.56.4338","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.56.4338","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.cs.colostate.edu/pub/bieman/tse94.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.57.5948","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.57.5948","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://cs.mtu.edu/pub/ott/reports/tse94.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.71.1180","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.71.1180","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~bieman/Pubs/tse94new.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.mtu.edu:michigantech-p-29530","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/10228","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196391","display_name":"Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","host_organization_name":"Michigan Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309627","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311652","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527392356","https://openalex.org/W1542322069","https://openalex.org/W1966460148","https://openalex.org/W1996830008","https://openalex.org/W2001958591","https://openalex.org/W2007201275","https://openalex.org/W2025879499","https://openalex.org/W2058100898","https://openalex.org/W2060299693","https://openalex.org/W2064625489","https://openalex.org/W2068483578","https://openalex.org/W2092483417","https://openalex.org/W2110066339","https://openalex.org/W2110621571","https://openalex.org/W2111167768","https://openalex.org/W2111356387","https://openalex.org/W2111710182","https://openalex.org/W2122000464","https://openalex.org/W2127280681","https://openalex.org/W2127851059","https://openalex.org/W2140540469","https://openalex.org/W2141109493","https://openalex.org/W2147088720","https://openalex.org/W2156820168","https://openalex.org/W2162310108","https://openalex.org/W2235522541","https://openalex.org/W2245234613","https://openalex.org/W2293624369","https://openalex.org/W2913634421","https://openalex.org/W3150367182","https://openalex.org/W4210765118","https://openalex.org/W4249463364","https://openalex.org/W4251543700","https://openalex.org/W4252074865","https://openalex.org/W4253692155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076849260","https://openalex.org/W2585879527","https://openalex.org/W2127280681","https://openalex.org/W7097944591","https://openalex.org/W2740604553","https://openalex.org/W2140142046","https://openalex.org/W2111710182","https://openalex.org/W7097274525","https://openalex.org/W2098376631","https://openalex.org/W2110130459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"examine":[1],"the":[2,15,26,39,68,71],"functional":[3],"cohesion":[4],"of":[5,38,42,70,84],"procedures":[6],"using":[7],"a":[8,65,82],"data":[9,16,52,62],"slice":[10,24],"abstraction.":[11],"Our":[12],"analysis":[13],"identifies":[14],"tokens":[17,45,57],"that":[18,28,46,58],"lie":[19,47,59],"on":[20,48,60],"more":[21,49],"than":[22,50],"one":[23,51],"as":[25],"\"glue\"":[27],"binds":[29],"separate":[30],"components":[31],"together.":[32],"Cohesion":[33],"is":[34],"measured":[35],"in":[36,64],"terms":[37],"relative":[40],"number":[41],"glue":[43],"tokens,":[44,56],"slice,":[53],"and":[54,67,75],"super-glue":[55],"all":[61],"slices":[63],"procedure,":[66],"adhesiveness":[69],"tokens.":[72],"The":[73],"intuition":[74],"measurement":[76],"scale":[77],"factors":[78],"are":[79],"demonstrated":[80],"through":[81],"set":[83],"abstract":[85],"transformations.>":[86]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}