{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097092949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","title":"Outsourcing at Will: Unjust Dismissal Doctrine and the Growth of Temporary Help Employment","display_name":"Outsourcing at Will: Unjust Dismissal Doctrine and the Growth of Temporary Help Employment","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097092949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","mag":"2097092949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029839974","display_name":"David Autor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6915-9381","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6915-9381"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David Autor","raw_affiliation_strings":["OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","IZA Institute of Labor Economics","National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Department of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge , MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029839974"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853","https://openalex.org/I197518295","https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.6279000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.6279000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14003","display_name":"Labor Law and Work Dynamics","score":0.2581000030040741,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11762","display_name":"Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems","score":0.0348999984562397,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporary-help-services","display_name":"temporary help services","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/at-will-employment","display_name":"at-will employment","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/termination-costs","display_name":"termination costs","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unionization","display_name":"unionization","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-labor-law","display_name":"state labor law","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firing-costs","display_name":"firing costs","score":0.3610000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778145024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17052147","display_name":"Dismissal","level":2,"score":0.9051674008369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.7953193783760071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.6297839283943176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.5981826782226562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315515","display_name":"Discretion","level":2,"score":0.5542440414428711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.509610652923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10144844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628967","display_name":"Labour law","level":2,"score":0.44342154264450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.38742390275001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.23664063215255737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.150763601064682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:7557","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w7557.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w7557.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-008934929","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w7557.pdf","pdf_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w7557.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.200.6997","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.200.6997","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.jcpr.org/wp/wpdownload.cfm?pdflink=wpfiles/EAWFebJCPR.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2097092949","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/nber_w7557.pdf?abstractid=217850&mirid=2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3121217722","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:7557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w7557","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w7557","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.5473999977111816,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2097092949.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2097092949.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W563579012","https://openalex.org/W626471971","https://openalex.org/W1530834736","https://openalex.org/W1531055148","https://openalex.org/W1531524851","https://openalex.org/W1534508842","https://openalex.org/W1545409312","https://openalex.org/W1549715728","https://openalex.org/W1566416788","https://openalex.org/W1572399860","https://openalex.org/W1574100664","https://openalex.org/W1659179081","https://openalex.org/W1979274801","https://openalex.org/W1984577394","https://openalex.org/W1989375683","https://openalex.org/W1999328128","https://openalex.org/W2032773281","https://openalex.org/W2045950706","https://openalex.org/W2055414175","https://openalex.org/W2070639717","https://openalex.org/W2072766029","https://openalex.org/W2096603881","https://openalex.org/W2105287282","https://openalex.org/W2108648206","https://openalex.org/W2144237931","https://openalex.org/W2149860264","https://openalex.org/W2151954782","https://openalex.org/W2159147610","https://openalex.org/W2296926063","https://openalex.org/W2796050217","https://openalex.org/W2797902775","https://openalex.org/W2889753036","https://openalex.org/W3121920934","https://openalex.org/W3122315367","https://openalex.org/W3122397314","https://openalex.org/W3123243160","https://openalex.org/W3124796117","https://openalex.org/W3125128810","https://openalex.org/W3125892623","https://openalex.org/W4241885322"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1546512863","https://openalex.org/W7098153037","https://openalex.org/W2560179948","https://openalex.org/W2042432308","https://openalex.org/W7098921349","https://openalex.org/W1999328128","https://openalex.org/W264134241","https://openalex.org/W7100201603","https://openalex.org/W2001753588","https://openalex.org/W3122380202"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"U.S.":[1],"temporary":[2,131],"help":[3,132,151],"services":[4],"(THS)":[5],"industry":[6],"grew":[7],"at":[8,35,56,176],"11":[9],"percent":[10,129,183],"annually":[11],"between":[12,189],"1979":[13],"-1995,":[14],"five":[15],"times":[16],"more":[17],"rapidly":[18],"than":[19,102],"non-farm":[20],"employment.Contemporaneously,":[21],"courts":[22],"in":[23,134,146,166,201],"46":[24],"states":[25,160],"adopted":[26],"exceptions":[27],"to":[28,41,47,88,122,126,143,196],"the":[29,52,59,67,69,78,97,105,118,162,185],"common":[30],"law":[31],"doctrine":[32],"of":[33,54,61,75,81,116,174,184,187,208],"employment":[34,55,76,144,152,175],"will":[36,57,86,177],"that":[37,84,113],"limit":[38],"employers'":[39],"discretion":[40],"terminate":[42],"workers":[43,199],"and":[44,58,192],"opened":[45],"them":[46],"litigation.This":[48],"paper":[49,70],"assesses":[50],"whether":[51],"decline":[53,165,173],"growth":[60,133,145,186],"THS":[62,171,188,202],"are":[63],"causally":[64],"related.To":[65],"aid":[66],"analysis,":[68],"considers":[71],"a":[72,204],"simple":[73],"model":[74],"outsourcing,":[77],"primary":[79],"implication":[80],"which":[82],"is":[83,153],"firms":[85],"respond":[87],"externally":[89],"imposed":[90],"firing":[91],"costs":[92],"by":[93],"outsourcing":[94],"positions":[95],"requiring":[96],"least":[98,163],"firm-specific":[99],"skills":[100],"rather":[101],"those":[103],"with":[104,156,159],"highest":[106],"expected":[107],"termination":[108],"costs.The":[109],"empirical":[110],"analysis":[111],"indicates":[112],"one":[114],"class":[115],"exception,":[117],"implied":[119],"contractual":[120],"right":[121],"ongoing":[123],"employment,":[124],"led":[125],"14":[127],"-22":[128],"excess":[130],"adopting":[135],"states.Unjust":[136],"dismissal":[137],"doctrines":[138],"did":[139],"not":[140],"significantly":[141],"contribute":[142],"other":[147],"business":[148],"service":[149],"industries.Temporary":[150],"closely":[154],"correlated":[155],"union":[157],"penetration,":[158],"experiencing":[161],"rapid":[164],"unionization":[167],"undergoing":[168],"substantially":[169],"faster":[170],"growth.The":[172],"explains":[178],"as":[179,181,207],"much":[180],"20":[182],"1973":[190],"-1995":[191],"accounts":[193],"for":[194],"336,000":[195],"494,000":[197],"additional":[198],"employed":[200],"on":[203],"daily":[205],"basis":[206],"1999.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}