{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2096901495","doi":null,"title":"REVIVING THE GAME OF CHECKERS","display_name":"REVIVING THE GAME OF CHECKERS","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2096901495","mag":"2096901495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.26.6191","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.26.6191","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~duane/publications/categories/../pdf/91HPAI.pdf","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018637996","display_name":"Jonathan Schaeffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2447-7394","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2447-7394","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3735-5947"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Schaeffer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2447-7394","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042020810","display_name":"Joseph C. Culberson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Culberson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089749139","display_name":"Norman Treloar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norman Treloar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006649990","display_name":"Brent Knight","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brent Knight","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111899923","display_name":"Paul Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4145-8056","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4145-8056"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4145-8056","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000711683","display_name":"Duane Szafron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-6811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-6811"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duane Szafron","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7864-6811","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9925,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91302621,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13904","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Applications","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/checkers","display_name":"checkers","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-solving","display_name":"game solving","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinook","display_name":"Chinook","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-tree-search","display_name":"game tree search","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-space","display_name":"search space","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-game-playing","display_name":"video gaming","score":0.3889999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118491383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332225","display_name":"Chess endgame","level":2,"score":0.9391962885856628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780465443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852061","display_name":"Champion","level":2,"score":0.8946733474731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779501167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079023","display_name":"Championship","level":2,"score":0.794548511505127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775884009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344963","display_name":"World championship","level":2,"score":0.613521933555603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47093549370765686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45235069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q278425","display_name":"Table (database)","level":2,"score":0.4408773183822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3395662307739258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.24125748872756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.19374865293502808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.1826852560043335}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.26.6191","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.26.6191","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~duane/publications/categories/../pdf/91HPAI.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.35.2880","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.35.2880","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~paullu/Papers/olympiad.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.98.6849","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.98.6849","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.msri.org/publications/books/Book29/files/schaeffer.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2096901495","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~duane/publications/pdf/1991hpai.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W20373267","https://openalex.org/W94977280","https://openalex.org/W1507762168","https://openalex.org/W1514046391","https://openalex.org/W1559661475","https://openalex.org/W1900310956","https://openalex.org/W1979572685","https://openalex.org/W2138178898","https://openalex.org/W2149534079","https://openalex.org/W2161608691","https://openalex.org/W2789326002","https://openalex.org/W3098199328","https://openalex.org/W3198350258"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097734623","https://openalex.org/W7099198011","https://openalex.org/W1554761681","https://openalex.org/W1986693906","https://openalex.org/W7133340977","https://openalex.org/W124131244","https://openalex.org/W992706597","https://openalex.org/W152132799","https://openalex.org/W2182823222","https://openalex.org/W1501727541"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"In":[1],"1962,":[2],"a":[3,11,16],"checkers-playing":[4],"program":[5,66],"written":[6],"by":[7,59],"Arthur":[8],"Samuel":[9],"defeated":[10],"self-proclaimed":[12],"master":[13],"player,":[14],"creating":[15],"sensation":[17],"at":[18],"the":[19,22,41,54,64,68,72,78,85,95],"time":[20],"for":[21],"fledgling":[23],"field":[24],"of":[25,43,52],"computer":[26],"science":[27],"called":[28],"artificial":[29],"intelligence.":[30],"The":[31,88],"historical":[32],"record":[33],"refers":[34],"to":[35],"this":[36],"event":[37],"as":[38],"having":[39],"solved":[40],"game":[42],"checkers.":[44],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"discusses":[47],"achieving":[48],"three":[49],"different":[50],"levels":[51],"solving":[53],"game:":[55],"publicly":[56],"(as":[57],"evidenced":[58],"Samuel\u2019s":[60],"results),":[61],"practically":[62],"(by":[63,76],"checkers":[65],"Chinook,":[67],"best":[69],"player":[70],"in":[71,84,94],"world)":[73],"and":[74],"provably":[75],"considering":[77],"5":[79],"\u00d7":[80],"10":[81],"20":[82],"positions":[83],"search":[86],"space).":[87],"latter":[89],"definition":[90],"may":[91],"be":[92],"attainable":[93],"near":[96],"future.":[97],"1.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}