{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2096467925","doi":null,"title":"Depression and Diabetes - Methodological Issues in Etiologic Research","display_name":"Depression and Diabetes - Methodological Issues in Etiologic Research","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2096467925","mag":"2096467925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/27584","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/27584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/27584","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091853424","display_name":"Mirjam J. Knol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0645-5754","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0645-5754"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. J. Knol","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091853424"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.2502000033855438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.2502000033855438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10793","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Education","score":0.08209999650716782,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.06019999831914902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antidepressants","display_name":"antidepressants","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benzodiazepines","display_name":"benzodiazepines","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-use","display_name":"insulin use","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/impaired-fasting-glucose","display_name":"impaired fasting glucose","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undiagnosed-diabetes","display_name":"undiagnosed diabetes","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-imputation","display_name":"multiple imputation","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complete-case-analysis","display_name":"complete case analysis","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-ratio","display_name":"rate ratios","score":0.48100000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-risk","display_name":"relative risk","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-association","display_name":"bidirectional relationship","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression-as-risk-factor","display_name":"depression as risk factor","score":0.38600000739097595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.7359236478805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.7017844915390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6675420999526978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.6635188460350037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776867660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814941","display_name":"Depression (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6002711653709412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58041806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1660484","display_name":"Imputation (statistics)","level":3,"score":0.5632911324501038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9357733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6878417","display_name":"Missing data","level":2,"score":0.527209997177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.4932352900505066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779177272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76560","display_name":"Antidepressant","level":3,"score":0.4317156672477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3992184102535248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.21687066555023193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781161787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48360","display_name":"Hippocampus","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/27584","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/27584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"pmh:umcu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/27584","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/27584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralthesis"},{"id":"pmh:uu:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/27584","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/27584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralthesis"},{"id":"mag:2096467925","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/1874/27584/1/knol.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.library.uu.nl:1874/27584","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/27584","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401649","display_name":"Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193662353","host_organization_name":"Utrecht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193662353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":125,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79013676","https://openalex.org/W105168457","https://openalex.org/W164246264","https://openalex.org/W1485472199","https://openalex.org/W1505741243","https://openalex.org/W1565548812","https://openalex.org/W1599621040","https://openalex.org/W1606586277","https://openalex.org/W1915610983","https://openalex.org/W1937305967","https://openalex.org/W1939661978","https://openalex.org/W1943930181","https://openalex.org/W1960964799","https://openalex.org/W1963232440","https://openalex.org/W1964435302","https://openalex.org/W1965937655","https://openalex.org/W1972153696","https://openalex.org/W1980185158","https://openalex.org/W1982950275","https://openalex.org/W1984486655","https://openalex.org/W1986506316","https://openalex.org/W1995203269","https://openalex.org/W1996813536","https://openalex.org/W2003797333","https://openalex.org/W2005759326","https://openalex.org/W2010795196","https://openalex.org/W2014008292","https://openalex.org/W2014324025","https://openalex.org/W2016904815","https://openalex.org/W2017922770","https://openalex.org/W2018466489","https://openalex.org/W2019629035","https://openalex.org/W2020267609","https://openalex.org/W2021530706","https://openalex.org/W2021764662","https://openalex.org/W2024063026","https://openalex.org/W2026553086","https://openalex.org/W2027513194","https://openalex.org/W2029584139","https://openalex.org/W2030389279","https://openalex.org/W2030438305","https://openalex.org/W2031668066","https://openalex.org/W2034562813","https://openalex.org/W2035159480","https://openalex.org/W2040958097","https://openalex.org/W2042087905","https://openalex.org/W2042353763","https://openalex.org/W2042695672","https://openalex.org/W2044758663","https://openalex.org/W2047898648","https://openalex.org/W2048337732","https://openalex.org/W2053661331","https://openalex.org/W2054220729","https://openalex.org/W2055635286","https://openalex.org/W2057221484","https://openalex.org/W2058717577","https://openalex.org/W2060842676","https://openalex.org/W2060978652","https://openalex.org/W2061131246","https://openalex.org/W2064799866","https://openalex.org/W2065980681","https://openalex.org/W2066629760","https://openalex.org/W2066764440","https://openalex.org/W2073245686","https://openalex.org/W2073535180","https://openalex.org/W2074289124","https://openalex.org/W2076761851","https://openalex.org/W2080182898","https://openalex.org/W2080312294","https://openalex.org/W2081040380","https://openalex.org/W2081566878","https://openalex.org/W2086080937","https://openalex.org/W2091770334","https://openalex.org/W2092700691","https://openalex.org/W2094455081","https://openalex.org/W2108233388","https://openalex.org/W2112334970","https://openalex.org/W2112556364","https://openalex.org/W2113559481","https://openalex.org/W2114334028","https://openalex.org/W2118074281","https://openalex.org/W2118502261","https://openalex.org/W2118931743","https://openalex.org/W2122970466","https://openalex.org/W2127085460","https://openalex.org/W2127166310","https://openalex.org/W2130239487","https://openalex.org/W2131635313","https://openalex.org/W2133752069","https://openalex.org/W2135010675","https://openalex.org/W2135315665","https://openalex.org/W2136157362","https://openalex.org/W2139422580","https://openalex.org/W2140567030","https://openalex.org/W2141555509","https://openalex.org/W2142960568","https://openalex.org/W2143258564","https://openalex.org/W2144274361","https://openalex.org/W2147581820","https://openalex.org/W2148173212","https://openalex.org/W2151958780","https://openalex.org/W2153727556","https://openalex.org/W2155415527","https://openalex.org/W2156267802","https://openalex.org/W2156850323","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2157951305","https://openalex.org/W2158985195","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2165713489","https://openalex.org/W2165719451","https://openalex.org/W2166561686","https://openalex.org/W2179898059","https://openalex.org/W2185543853","https://openalex.org/W2201893451","https://openalex.org/W2227188615","https://openalex.org/W2258392500","https://openalex.org/W2323594460","https://openalex.org/W2333645279","https://openalex.org/W2337454357","https://openalex.org/W2444150708","https://openalex.org/W2554660886","https://openalex.org/W2769264260","https://openalex.org/W2896671805","https://openalex.org/W4211101039"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011109011","https://openalex.org/W7096107839","https://openalex.org/W2044099194","https://openalex.org/W3111881793","https://openalex.org/W3000288006","https://openalex.org/W7027794307","https://openalex.org/W2102561703","https://openalex.org/W2007473119","https://openalex.org/W2149658107","https://openalex.org/W7055533968"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cross-sectional":[0],"studies":[1,70,290,298,359,372,383,394,431],"showed":[2,84,106,123,328,360],"that":[3,71,85,107,124,137,172,221,235,293,329,478],"depression":[4,74,318,422,443,464,482,496],"and":[5,58,83,177,185,216,288,291,309,327,369,392,411],"diabetes":[6,23,25,95,111,120,155,190,320,326,498],"often":[7],"co-occur.":[8],"However,":[9],"the":[10,56,108,130,138,173,187,201,204,209,222,258,364,400,406,430,453,467,474,479],"reason":[11],"for":[12,22,31,79,350,427],"this":[13,37,409],"is":[14,423],"unclear.":[15],"Depression":[16],"may":[17,26,458,483],"be":[18,27,150,228,241,338,438,459,484],"a":[19,28,65,76,89,101,197,314,351,374,379,385,396,417,424,445,487],"risk":[20,29,77,92,109,397,425,441,462,480],"factor":[21,30,78,426],"or":[24,164],"depression.":[32],"The":[33,45],"first":[34],"aim":[35,47],"of":[36,60,67,93,110,117,132,140,175,189,317,343,355,366,408,442,447,455,463,469,481,489,495],"thesis":[38,410],"was":[39,48,75,112,143,180,282],"to":[40,49,54,149,199,230,260,263,302,377,437],"investigate":[41],"these":[42,330],"two":[43,271,450],"associations.":[44],"second":[46],"discuss":[50],"several":[51],"methodological":[52],"issues":[53],"improve":[55],"conduct":[57],"reporting":[59],"etiologic":[61],"research.":[62],"We":[63,135,192,219,256,278,312],"conducted":[64],"meta-analysis":[66],"nine":[68],"longitudinal":[69],"investigated":[72],"whether":[73,421],"type":[80,153,166],"2":[81,154,167],"diabetes,":[82,428,490],"depressed":[86],"adults":[87],"had":[88],"37%":[90],"increased":[91,114,144,182,440,461,485],"developing":[94],"compared":[96,322],"with":[97,152,160,323],"non-depressed":[98],"subjects.":[99],"Using":[100],"large":[102],"pharmacy":[103],"database,":[104],"we":[105,122,170,414],"not":[113,128,157],"in":[115,196,203,243,253,284,296,336,476,497],"users":[116],"antidepressants.":[118],"Within":[119],"patients,":[121],"antidepressant":[125,176],"use":[126,179],"did":[127],"influence":[129],"amount":[131],"insulin":[133],"used.":[134],"found":[136,171,292,313],"prevalence":[139,316],"depressive":[141],"symptoms":[142],"among":[145,158,319],"patients":[146,159,321,324],"who":[147,345],"reported":[148,283,299],"diagnosed":[151],"but":[156],"impaired":[161],"fasting":[162],"glucose":[163],"undiagnosed":[165],"diabetes.":[168,456,470],"Finally,":[169],"incidence":[174],"benzodiazepine":[178],"only":[181,240,294],"shortly":[183,465],"before":[184],"after":[186,444,452,466,486],"initiation":[188],"treatment.":[191],"created":[193],"missing":[194,210,223,232],"values":[195],"confounder":[198,233],"assess":[200],"bias":[202],"exposure-outcome":[205],"association":[206],"when":[207],"using":[208,274],"indicator":[211,224],"method,":[212],"complete":[213,236],"case":[214,237],"analysis,":[215],"multiple":[217,247],"imputation.":[218],"concluded":[220],"method":[225,365],"should":[226],"never":[227],"used":[229,242],"handle":[231],"data,":[234],"analysis":[238],"can":[239],"rare":[244,401],"situations,":[245],"while":[246],"imputation":[248],"gives":[249],"unbiased":[250],"effect":[251],"estimates":[252],"most":[254],"situations.":[255],"provided":[257],"methods":[259],"assist":[261],"epidemiologists":[262],"estimate":[264,378],"interaction":[265,281,304],"on":[266,306,363,405,420,473],"an":[267,307,460],"additive":[268,308],"scale":[269],"between":[270],"continuous":[272],"determinants":[273],"logistic":[275],"regression":[276],"analysis.":[277],"assessed":[279],"how":[280],"225":[285],"published":[286,357],"cohort":[287],"case-control":[289,358],"one":[295],"ten":[297],"sufficient":[300],"data":[301],"interpret":[303],"effects":[305],"multiplicative":[310],"scale.":[311],"lower":[315],"without":[325,388],"unexpected":[331],"findings":[332],"could":[333],"at":[334,448],"least":[335,449],"part":[337],"explained":[339],"by":[340],"differential":[341],"selection":[342],"subjects":[344],"visited":[346],"their":[347],"general":[348],"practitioner":[349],"control":[352],"visit.":[353],"Examination":[354],"150":[356],"that,":[361],"based":[362],"selecting":[367],"cases":[368],"controls,":[370],"57":[371],"required":[373],"stable":[375],"population":[376],"rate":[380,386],"ratio,":[381],"48":[382],"estimated":[384,395],"ratio":[387,398],"needing":[389],"any":[390],"assumption,":[391],"16":[393],"requiring":[399],"disease":[402],"assumption.":[403],"Based":[404],"results":[407],"previous":[412],"studies,":[413],"cannot":[415],"draw":[416],"firm":[418],"conclusion":[419],"because":[429],"were":[432],"too":[433],"heterogeneous.":[434],"There":[435,457],"seems":[436],"no":[439],"period":[446],"years":[451],"diagnosis":[454,468,488],"More":[471],"knowledge":[472],"point":[475],"time":[477],"might":[491],"direct":[492],"specific":[493],"monitoring":[494],"patients.":[499]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}