{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095990640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1993.tb00878.x","title":"FRIEDMAN'S METHODOLOGY OF POSITIVE ECONOMICS: A SOFT READING","display_name":"FRIEDMAN'S METHODOLOGY OF POSITIVE ECONOMICS: A SOFT READING","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095990640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1993.tb00878.x","mag":"2095990640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1993.tb00878.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1993.tb00878.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1993.tb00878.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206615888","display_name":"Economic Inquiry","issn_l":"0043-3640","issn":["0043-3640","0095-2583","1465-7295"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economic Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048782516","display_name":"Thomas F. Mayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9228-819X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9228-819X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"THOMAS MAYER","raw_affiliation_strings":["*Professor of Economics, University of California, Davis. I am indebted for helpful comments to A. W. Coates, David Colander, Milton Friedman, Daniel Hammond, Richard Healey, Abraham Hirsch, Kevin Hoover, Frank Steindl and to the editors and referees of this journal. This is a much revised version of a paper form the 1990 History of Economic Thought conference"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"*Professor of Economics, University of California, Davis. I am indebted for helpful comments to A. W. Coates, David Colander, Milton Friedman, Daniel Hammond, Richard Healey, Abraham Hirsch, Kevin Hoover, Frank Steindl and to the editors and referees of this journal. This is a much revised version of a paper form the 1990 History of Economic Thought conference","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048782516"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4327,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90901326,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"2","first_page":"213","last_page":"223"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10785","display_name":"Economic Theory and Institutions","score":0.7792999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10785","display_name":"Economic Theory and Institutions","score":0.7792999744415283,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13558","display_name":"Philosophy, Science, and History","score":0.17329999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.01860000006854534,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/milton-friedman","display_name":"Milton Friedman","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instrumentalism","display_name":"instrumentalism","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positivism","display_name":"positivism","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observation-and-theory","display_name":"theory and observation","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy-of-economics","display_name":"philosophy of economics","score":0.7009999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777886440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15916459","display_name":"Plea","level":2,"score":0.9571437835693359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198087647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856063","display_name":"Instrumentalism","level":2,"score":0.6905069351196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.6821314096450806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6784823536872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.6638373136520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.577197253704071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128706718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131015","display_name":"Positivism","level":2,"score":0.532060444355011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.43744421005249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.4345772862434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.35126346349716187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.23025798797607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.17936921119689941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08243149518966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1993.tb00878.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1993.tb00878.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1993.tb00878.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206615888","display_name":"Economic Inquiry","issn_l":"0043-3640","issn":["0043-3640","0095-2583","1465-7295"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economic Inquiry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W165761957","https://openalex.org/W1489263730","https://openalex.org/W1528837457","https://openalex.org/W1529854812","https://openalex.org/W1555584616","https://openalex.org/W1563757451","https://openalex.org/W1978101270","https://openalex.org/W1996908328","https://openalex.org/W2016887592","https://openalex.org/W2016966916","https://openalex.org/W2023323170","https://openalex.org/W2069827469","https://openalex.org/W2071948201","https://openalex.org/W2079452164","https://openalex.org/W2090904087","https://openalex.org/W2117687177","https://openalex.org/W2120347587","https://openalex.org/W2165744048","https://openalex.org/W2317027581","https://openalex.org/W2319630829","https://openalex.org/W2320339650","https://openalex.org/W2800301215","https://openalex.org/W2982654527","https://openalex.org/W3113190315","https://openalex.org/W3125998570","https://openalex.org/W4229815463","https://openalex.org/W4230064803","https://openalex.org/W4231016069","https://openalex.org/W4243234913","https://openalex.org/W4250370597","https://openalex.org/W4251942604","https://openalex.org/W4298852354"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4231055383","https://openalex.org/W2895416942","https://openalex.org/W7098474124","https://openalex.org/W4285541993","https://openalex.org/W2089608214","https://openalex.org/W1988287963","https://openalex.org/W1971412811","https://openalex.org/W4396518804","https://openalex.org/W2253360359","https://openalex.org/W7096720307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,37],"his":[1],"\u201cMethodology":[2],"of":[3,40,51],"Positive":[4],"Economics\u201d":[5],"Friedman":[6],"aimed":[7],"to":[8],"provide":[9],"a":[10,18,45,48,57],"useful":[11],"heuristic":[12],"for":[13,47,61],"working":[14],"economists":[15,79],"and":[16,53,68],"not":[17],"sophisticated":[19],"philosophical":[20,30],"analysis.":[21],"Hence,":[22],"one":[23],"should":[24],"be":[25],"cautious":[26],"about":[27],"reading":[28,58],"specific":[29],"positions,":[31],"such":[32,56],"as":[33],"instrumentalism,":[34],"into":[35],"it.":[36],"the":[38,75],"context":[39],"its":[41],"time,":[42],"it":[43],"was":[44],"plea":[46,60],"positivistic":[49],"interplay":[50],"theory":[52],"observation.":[54],"On":[55],"Friedman's":[59,69],"unrealistic":[62],"assumptions":[63],"becomes":[64],"much":[65],"more":[66],"defensible,":[67],"essay":[70],"is":[71],"broadly":[72],"consistent":[73],"with":[74],"methodology":[76],"that":[77],"most":[78],"now":[80],"affirm,":[81],"at":[82],"least":[83],"in":[84],"principle.":[85]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-25T08:18:29.962427","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
