{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095859486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21857","title":"Hold Your Fire: Did the 1996 Federal Gun Control Act Expansion Reduce Domestic Homicides?","display_name":"Hold Your Fire: Did the 1996 Federal Gun Control Act Expansion Reduce Domestic Homicides?","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095859486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21857","mag":"2095859486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/pam.21857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25370267","display_name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","issn_l":"0276-8739","issn":["0276-8739","1520-6688"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058673053","display_name":"Kerri M. Raissian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3441-133X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3441-133X","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8405-020X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kerri M. Raissian","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058673053"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3770,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3770},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.574,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94381316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"1","first_page":"67","last_page":"93"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12265","display_name":"Gun Ownership and Violence Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13605","display_name":"Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10380","display_name":"Intimate Partner and Family Violence","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gun-policy","display_name":"gun policy","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-violence","display_name":"domestic violence","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intimate-partner-violence","display_name":"intimate partner violence","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-homicide","display_name":"child homicide","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firearm-prohibition","display_name":"firearm prohibition","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-loopholes","display_name":"legal loopholes","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-court-decisions","display_name":"circuit court decisions","score":0.75}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525541732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149086","display_name":"Homicide","level":4,"score":0.8385795950889587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778252816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q694324","display_name":"Misdemeanor","level":2,"score":0.8251743316650391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780534388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1328508","display_name":"Gun control","level":2,"score":0.6414916515350342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.5536688566207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.5361936092376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.4867665767669678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542059537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156537","display_name":"Domestic violence","level":4,"score":0.46017375588417053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.43747472763061523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.42916440963745117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.42255699634552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.345257043838501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2885967195034027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2636614441871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2614007294178009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.21244338154792786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/pam.21857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21857","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.21857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S25370267","display_name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","issn_l":"0276-8739","issn":["0276-8739","1520-6688"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:wly:jpamgt:v:35:y:2016:i:1:p:67-93","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1002/pam.21857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.504800021648407}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.5199999809265137}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306134","display_name":"Doris Duke Charitable Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04n65rp89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W106246642","https://openalex.org/W562583685","https://openalex.org/W590956436","https://openalex.org/W1480015274","https://openalex.org/W1490902761","https://openalex.org/W1536344338","https://openalex.org/W1563098709","https://openalex.org/W1594593018","https://openalex.org/W1855278184","https://openalex.org/W1917776821","https://openalex.org/W2010262933","https://openalex.org/W2062815822","https://openalex.org/W2072695657","https://openalex.org/W2090683361","https://openalex.org/W2110294659","https://openalex.org/W2125609531","https://openalex.org/W2134246555","https://openalex.org/W2144533487","https://openalex.org/W2145963088","https://openalex.org/W2162332627","https://openalex.org/W2189821821","https://openalex.org/W2320312507","https://openalex.org/W2322007314","https://openalex.org/W2335604547","https://openalex.org/W2577227262","https://openalex.org/W2890913384","https://openalex.org/W2891065688","https://openalex.org/W2914190379","https://openalex.org/W3124603766","https://openalex.org/W3125256874","https://openalex.org/W3144336866","https://openalex.org/W4236181017","https://openalex.org/W4293688158","https://openalex.org/W6697067769"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2769408175","https://openalex.org/W2052764363","https://openalex.org/W3199436508","https://openalex.org/W2072695657","https://openalex.org/W2603453767","https://openalex.org/W70151508","https://openalex.org/W1996107066","https://openalex.org/W2762394376","https://openalex.org/W2788103133","https://openalex.org/W7161099435"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"1996,":[2],"Congress":[3],"expanded":[4],"the":[5,28,55,80,119,160,169],"federal":[6],"Gun":[7],"Control":[8],"Act":[9],"(GCA)":[10],"to":[11,72,84],"prohibit":[12],"defendants":[13],"convicted":[14],"of":[15,68],"a":[16,25,62,66,129,172],"qualifying":[17],"domestic":[18,103],"violence":[19],"misdemeanor":[20],"from":[21,38,61],"possessing":[22],"or":[23],"purchasing":[24],"firearm.":[26],"Using":[27],"FBI's":[29],"Supplementary":[30],"Homicide":[31],"Reports":[32],"along":[33],"with":[34],"homicide":[35],"data":[36],"collected":[37],"selected":[39],"state":[40],"law":[41,107],"enforcement":[42],"agencies,":[43],"I":[44,58,76,136],"investigate":[45],"if":[46],"this":[47],"expansion":[48,82],"was":[49],"successful":[50],"in":[51,133,142,150],"reducing":[52],"homicides":[53,89,100,144],"among":[54,90,101],"target":[56],"groups.":[57],"use":[59],"variation":[60],"legal":[63],"loophole":[64],"and":[65,95,125,156,171],"series":[67],"circuit":[69],"court":[70],"decisions":[71],"generate":[73],"difference\u2010in\u2010differences":[74],"estimates.":[75],"find":[77,137],"evidence":[78,139],"that":[79,114,140],"GCA":[81],"led":[83],"17":[85],"percent":[86,97,131],"fewer":[87,98],"gun\u2010related":[88],"female":[91],"intimate":[92],"partner":[93],"victims":[94],"31":[96],"gun":[99,134,143],"male":[102],"child":[104],"victims.":[105],"The":[106],"also":[108,127],"has":[109],"protective":[110],"benefits":[111],"for":[112,174],"those":[113],"were":[115,145],"not":[116],"targeted":[117],"by":[118,147],"legislation.":[120],"\u201cOther\u201d":[121],"family":[122],"members":[123],"(parents":[124],"siblings)":[126],"experience":[128],"24":[130],"reduction":[132],"homicides.":[135,152],"no":[138],"reductions":[141],"offset":[146],"an":[148],"increase":[149],"nongun":[151],"While":[153],"most":[154],"falsification":[155],"robustness":[157],"tests":[158,164],"support":[159],"above":[161],"conclusions,":[162],"some":[163],"suggest":[165],"caution":[166],"when":[167],"interpreting":[168],"results":[170],"need":[173],"further":[175],"research.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}