{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095568397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4043/22393-ms","title":"Challenges and Solutions in the Development of a Flexible Cryogenic Pipe for Offshore LNG Transfer","display_name":"Challenges and Solutions in the Development of a Flexible Cryogenic Pipe for Offshore LNG Transfer","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095568397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4043/22393-ms","mag":"2095568397"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4043/22393-ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4043/22393-ms","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4043/22393-ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306521741","display_name":"OTC Brasil","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"OTC Brasil","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070919448","display_name":"Jorgen Eide","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorgen Eide","raw_affiliation_strings":["Framo Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Framo Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027505930","display_name":"Magnus Bernson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magnus Bernson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Framo Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Framo Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025309712","display_name":"Rune Haakonsen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rune Haakonsen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies Inc., Seaflex Riser Technologies"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kongsberg Oil & Gas Technologies Inc., Seaflex Riser Technologies","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112489162","display_name":"Christian Frohne","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154714","display_name":"Nexans (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05r7wgd74","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107804","https://openalex.org/I4210154714"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Frohne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nexans Deutschland Industries GmbH & Co. KG"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nexans Deutschland Industries GmbH & Co. KG","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154714"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25602894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13925","display_name":"Offshore Engineering and Technologies","score":0.923799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13925","display_name":"Offshore Engineering and Technologies","score":0.923799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13200","display_name":"Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies","score":0.07569999992847443,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12086","display_name":"Structural Integrity and Reliability Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/316-stainless-steel","display_name":"316 stainless steel","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lng-offloading","display_name":"LNG offloading","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipe-manufacturing","display_name":"pipe manufacturing","score":0.3179999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-capacity","display_name":"flow capacity","score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint-industry-project","display_name":"joint industry project","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshore-oil-and-gas-production","display_name":"offshore oil and gas production","score":0.3089999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162284963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","level":2,"score":0.8451695442199707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14034172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358333","display_name":"Liquefied natural gas","level":3,"score":0.7191662192344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.5746996998786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993723005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7079691","display_name":"Offshore oil and gas","level":3,"score":0.5658390522003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78762247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273174","display_name":"Petroleum engineering","level":1,"score":0.5568436980247498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987168347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22656","display_name":"Crude oil","level":2,"score":0.4628312885761261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4175602197647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526740375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862571","display_name":"Petroleum industry","level":2,"score":0.4101848900318146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3775846064090729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36865782737731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59427239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40858","display_name":"Natural gas","level":2,"score":0.30436789989471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.2788240909576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.12348189949989319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09150847792625427}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4043/22393-ms","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4043/22393-ms","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4043/22393-ms","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306521741","display_name":"OTC Brasil","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"OTC Brasil","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6773999929428101,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092706492","https://openalex.org/W2046880723","https://openalex.org/W1984987712","https://openalex.org/W2011749688","https://openalex.org/W2078187883","https://openalex.org/W1973500552","https://openalex.org/W2075132968","https://openalex.org/W2005400067","https://openalex.org/W4232394038","https://openalex.org/W2093319724"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Offshore":[1,124,167],"production":[2,24],"of":[3,55,139,154,169,239,273],"LNG":[4,23,56,120,170,221],"will":[5,69,278],"soon":[6],"be":[7,74,391],"a":[8,58,77,115,216,226,237,351,383,409],"reality":[9],"as":[10,87,208],"several":[11,44],"oil":[12,38,196,252],"companies":[13],"are":[14,85,247,254],"working":[15],"on":[16,333,361,415],"projects":[17],"aimed":[18],"at":[19,236,284,297],"building":[20],"large":[21],"floating":[22,41],"units":[25],"in":[26,57,76,158,199,205,309,344,374,399,419],"the":[27,48,66,71,91,96,122,132,140,159,165,183,194,209,223,261,274,280,322,334,375,402,416,420],"near":[28],"future.":[29],"Tandem":[30,78],"loading":[31,72,117,197],"has":[32,50,102,171,311],"been":[33,172,189],"used":[34,248,256],"to":[35,53,73,94,180,249,266,321,346,377,404],"transfer":[36,54,88,153,168,250],"crude":[37,195,251],"between":[39,90],"two":[40,92],"vessels":[42,93],"for":[43,119,151,174,220,225,257,325],"decades":[45,327],"worldwide":[46],"and":[47,80,112,137,164,185,191,234,253,300,313,328,349,365,407],"time":[49],"now":[51],"come":[52,378],"similar":[59],"manner.":[60],"In":[61],"areas":[62,206],"with":[63,104,215,386,401],"harsh":[64],"weather,":[65],"vessel":[67,98],"motions":[68],"require":[70],"performed":[75],"configuration":[79],"flexible":[81,148,227,354,412],"pipes":[82,320],"/":[83],"hoses":[84,246],"required":[86,281],"arrangement":[89],"accommodate":[95],"relative":[97],"movements.":[99],"Framo":[100],"Engineering":[101],"together":[103],"Aker":[105],"Pusnes,":[106],"Kongsberg":[107],"Oil&Gas":[108],"Technologies":[109],"(KOGT),":[110],"Nexans":[111,308,362],"MIB":[113],"developed":[114,190,330],"tandem":[116],"system":[118,219],"named":[121],"\"":[123,181],"Cryogenic":[125],"Transfer":[126],"System":[127],"(OCT)??.":[128],"This":[129],"paper":[130],"describes":[131],"successful":[133],"development,":[134],"manufacture,":[135],"testing":[136],"approval":[138],"double":[141],"walled":[142],"corrugated,":[143],"stainless":[144,316],"steel":[145,317],"vacuum":[146,318],"insulated":[147,319],"pipe":[149,357,385],"designed":[150],"offshore":[152,217],"Liquefied":[155],"Natural":[156],"Gas":[157],"OCT":[160],"system.":[161],"The":[162,176,356,369],"Goals":[163],"Challenges":[166],"discussed":[173],"decades.":[175],"obvious":[177],"solution":[178],"is":[179,222,264,304],"copy??":[182],"methods":[184],"procedures":[186],"that":[187,229,382],"have":[188,329],"refined":[192],"by":[193],"industry":[198,324],"more":[200],"than":[201],"20.000":[202],"offloading":[203,218],"operations":[204],"such":[207,306],"North":[210],"Sea.":[211],"One":[212],"main":[213],"challenge":[214],"need":[224],"hose":[228,276],"can":[230],"maintain":[231,291],"its":[232],"functions":[233],"integrity":[235],"temperature":[238,263,299],"\u2212164":[240],"degrees":[241,270,286],"C.":[242,271,287],"Bonded":[243],"reinforced":[244],"rubber":[245],"also":[255],"LPG":[258],"transfer,":[259],"however,":[260],"exposure":[262],"limited":[265],"approximately":[267],"-":[268],"50":[269],"None":[272],"conventional":[275],"materials":[277],"offer":[279],"mechanical":[282],"properties":[283,296],"-164":[285],"However,":[288],"some":[289],"metals":[290],"or":[292],"even":[293],"improve":[294],"their":[295],"cryogenic":[298,323],"316":[301],"Stainless":[302],"Steel":[303],"one":[305],"material.":[307],"Hanover":[310],"manufactured":[312],"supplied":[314],"corrugated":[315],"many":[326],"extensive":[331],"know-how":[332],"manufacturing":[335,363],"process.":[336],"A":[337,393],"Joint":[338],"Industry":[339],"Project":[340],"was":[341,359,371,396],"carried":[342,397],"out":[343,398],"2000\u20132004":[345],"develop,":[347],"manufacture":[348],"test":[350,408],"10.5??":[352],"ID":[353,411],"pipe.":[355],"design":[358],"based":[360,414],"technology":[364],"KOGT":[366],"riser":[367],"technology.":[368],"project":[370],"successful,":[372],"but":[373],"years":[376],"it":[379],"became":[380],"clear":[381],"larger":[384],"higher":[387],"flow":[388],"capacity":[389],"would":[390],"required.":[392],"second":[394],"JIP":[395],"2007\u201320010":[400],"purpose":[403],"design,":[405],"build":[406],"16??":[410],"pipe,":[413],"experiences":[417],"gained":[418],"first":[421],"JIP.":[422]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-05T09:50:58.205359","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
