{"id":"https://openalex.org/W20955536","doi":null,"title":"Eisenhower and the Crusade for Freedom: The Rhetorical Origins of a Cold War Campaign","display_name":"Eisenhower and the Crusade for Freedom: The Rhetorical Origins of a Cold War Campaign","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W20955536","mag":"20955536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:20955536","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-20223409/eisenhower-and-the-crusade-for-freedom-the-rhetorical","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103858575","display_name":"Presidential Studies Quarterly","issn_l":"0360-4918","issn":["0360-4918","1741-5705"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Presidential Studies Quarterly","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002133551","display_name":"Martin J. Medhurst","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin J. Medhurst","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002133551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3300},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00702941,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"4","first_page":"646","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11982","display_name":"Rhetoric and Communication Studies","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11982","display_name":"Rhetoric and Communication Studies","score":0.9696999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13993","display_name":"Historical Geopolitical and Social Dynamics","score":0.022199999541044235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13814","display_name":"Cultural and political discourse analysis","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-war-rhetoric","display_name":"Cold War rhetoric","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dwight-d-eisenhower","display_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-diplomacy","display_name":"public diplomacy","score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-security-doctrine","display_name":"national security doctrine","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-discourse","display_name":"strategic discourse","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/truman-administration","display_name":"Truman administration","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/containment","display_name":"containment","score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-soviet-relations","display_name":"US-Soviet relations","score":0.42399999499320984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316694","display_name":"Rhetorical question","level":2,"score":0.797213077545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1370556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81009","display_name":"Rhetoric","level":2,"score":0.678004264831543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197487636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49892","display_name":"Presidential system","level":3,"score":0.6229979395866394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986359222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8683","display_name":"Cold war","level":3,"score":0.49515214562416077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4951149523258209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.48861294984817505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4878506660461426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.405556321144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.3376067280769348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.17491179704666138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.10815232992172241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09747260808944702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:20955536","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-20223409/eisenhower-and-the-crusade-for-freedom-the-rhetorical","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S103858575","display_name":"Presidential Studies Quarterly","issn_l":"0360-4918","issn":["0360-4918","1741-5705"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Presidential Studies Quarterly","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W643617049","https://openalex.org/W656577346","https://openalex.org/W1980836678","https://openalex.org/W1986454373","https://openalex.org/W2079273531"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1601409342","https://openalex.org/W4416724696","https://openalex.org/W633077548","https://openalex.org/W2971975183","https://openalex.org/W3150145225","https://openalex.org/W7005524045","https://openalex.org/W4246712211","https://openalex.org/W2146232382","https://openalex.org/W2321833279","https://openalex.org/W7127152012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"there":[1,28],"is":[2,30,58,118,181,285],"no":[3],"influence":[4],"more":[5,199],"dangerous":[6],"and":[7,36,70,84,87,89,95,126,247,252,263,344,394,418,449,514,531,574,578,638],"disruptive":[8],"to":[9,76,215,275,286,314,321,342,372,386,481,501,569,654],"the":[10,14,17,26,37,64,73,91,99,114,142,146,161,177,182,207,211,219,259,277,281,292,297,300,307,330,347,352,359,362,400,405,411,414,422,431,443,462,473,489,497,506,520,527,532,540,551,570,586,594,609,613,640,644],"totalitarian":[11],"state":[12],"than":[13,200],"knowledge":[15],"on":[16,133,455],"part":[18],"of":[19,54,67,98,105,122,145,160,164,198,206,210,218,241,258,267,280,299,306,346,351,361,376,391,399,413,433,442,447,468,493,496,526,535,543,547,554,593,616,624,632,646],"its":[20,333,419],"subjects":[21,104],"that":[22,41,154,176,240,255,295,382,459],"somewhere":[23],"else":[24],"in":[25,60,72,155,174,271,323,335,340,354,529,539],"world":[27],"still":[29],"such":[31],"a":[32,119,134,150,171,196,234,242,288,316,324,369,379,387,396,426,486,524,591,602,621,651],"thing":[33],"as":[34,192,367],"freedom,":[35],"fiant,":[38],"stubborn":[39],"hope":[40],"they,":[42],"too,":[43],"might":[44,598],"some":[45,159],"day":[46],"enjoy":[47],"it.(1)":[48],"George":[49],"F.":[50],"Kennan":[51],"The":[52,303],"study":[53],"Cold":[55,100,115,165,187,212,268,301,406],"War":[56,101,116,166,188,269],"rhetoric":[57,298],"now":[59,515],"full":[61],"bloom.":[62],"From":[63],"pioneering":[65],"efforts":[66],"Brockriede,":[68],"Scott,":[69],"Newman":[71],"early":[74],"1970s,(2)":[75],"contemporary":[77],"studies":[78],"by":[79,328,636],"Medhurst,":[80],"Ivie,":[81],"Wander,":[82],"Mechling":[83],"Mechling,":[85],"Hinds":[86],"Windt,":[88],"others,(3)":[90],"rhetorical":[92,143,189,278,370],"dynamics,":[93],"strategies,":[94],"political":[96,503,537],"culture":[97],"have":[102,600],"become":[103],"sustained":[106],"scholarly":[107],"analysis.":[108],"And":[109],"well":[110],"they":[111],"should,":[112],"for":[113,148,179,184,283,309,364,403,416,425,465,475],"era":[117],"rich":[120],"amalgam":[121],"personalities,":[123],"crises,":[124],"manifestoes,":[125],"various":[127],"attempts":[128],"at":[129],"symbolic":[130,264],"inducement,":[131],"often":[132],"worldwide":[135],"scale.":[136],"In":[137,273,483,560,605],"this":[138],"article,":[139],"I":[140,356,408],"examine":[141],"origins":[144],"Crusade":[147,178,282,308,363,415,464,474],"Freedom,":[149,476],"long-term":[151,401],"persuasive":[152],"campaign":[153,353],"many":[156],"ways":[157],"represents":[158],"essential":[162],"features":[163],"discourse.":[167],"One":[168],"could":[169],"make":[170],"good":[172,289],"case,":[173],"fact,":[175],"Freedom":[180,284,310,365,417],"paradigm":[183],"studying":[185],"all":[186,536,630],"campaigns":[190,209],"inasmuch":[191],"it:":[193],"(1)":[194,368],"spanned":[195,223],"period":[197,317],"fifteen":[201],"years,":[202],"making":[203],"it":[204,450],"one":[205,217,477],"longest-running":[208],"War,":[213],"not":[214,238],"mention":[216],"most":[220],"successful;":[221],"(2)":[222,378],"four":[224],"different":[225],"presidential":[226],"administrations,":[227],"from":[228,312,332,505,585,629],"Truman":[229],"through":[230,337,430],"Johnson,":[231],"thus":[232],"representing":[233],"truly":[235],"national":[236,392],"effort,":[237],"merely":[239],"single":[243,325],"administration":[244],"or":[245,556,634],"party;":[246],"(3)":[248,395],"employed":[249],"both":[250],"private":[251],"public":[253,304,349],"rhetorics":[254],"are":[256],"representative":[257],"dominant":[260],"motives,":[261],"means,":[262],"manipulations":[265],"characteristic":[266],"discourse":[270,381],"general.":[272],"short,":[274],"understand":[276,287,472],"dimensions":[279],"deal":[290],"about":[291],"human":[293],"dynamics":[294],"propelled":[296],"War.":[302,407],"face":[305],"stretched":[311],"1950":[313],"1965,":[315],"far":[318],"too":[319],"long":[320],"analyze":[322],"essay.":[326],"However,":[327],"examining":[329],"crusade":[331],"genesis":[334],"1948,":[336,485,562,608],"initial":[338,614],"planning":[339],"1949,":[341],"implementation":[343],"execution":[345],"first":[348,463],"phase":[350],"1950,":[355,458],"demonstrate":[357],"how":[358],"beginnings":[360,412],"functioned":[366],"response":[371],"an":[373,439,469],"interrelated":[374],"set":[375],"exigences;":[377],"strategic":[380],"gave":[383],"practical":[384],"expression":[385,398],"newly":[388],"formulated":[389],"doctrine":[390],"security;":[393],"tactical":[397],"strategy":[402],"winning":[404],"shall":[409],"read":[410],"parent":[420],"organization,":[421],"National":[423],"Committee":[424],"Free":[427,444],"Europe,":[428,545],"Inc.,":[429],"involvement":[432],"Dwight":[434],"D.":[435],"Eisenhower.":[436],"Ike":[437],"was":[438,451],"original":[440],"member":[441],"Europe":[445],"Board":[446],"Directors":[448],"his":[452],"nationwide":[453],"speech":[454],"September":[456],"4,":[457],"officially":[460],"launched":[461],"Freedom.":[466],"Genesis":[467],"Idea":[470],"To":[471],"must":[478],"go":[479],"back":[480],"1948.":[482],"February":[484],"coup":[487,528],"toppled":[488],"democratically":[490],"elected":[491],"leaders":[492],"Czechoslovakia--the":[494],"last":[495],"Eastern":[498],"European":[499],"nations":[500],"maintain":[502],"independence":[504],"Soviet":[507,521,610,656],"Union.":[508],"Poland,":[509],"Hungary,":[510],"Rumania,":[511],"Bulgaria,":[512],"Albania,":[513],"Czechoslovakia":[516,530],"were":[517],"absorbed":[518],"into":[519,550,558,620],"orbit.":[522],"As":[523],"result":[525],"continuing":[533],"repression":[534],"opposition":[538],"other":[541,575],"countries":[542],"central-east":[544],"hundreds":[546],"refugees":[548],"streamed":[549],"western":[552],"zones":[553],"Berlin":[555],"crossed":[557],"Austria.":[559],"April":[561],"Italy":[563],"held":[564],"elections.":[565],"By":[566],"funneling":[567],"money":[568],"Christian":[571],"Democratic":[572],"Party":[573],"center":[576],"parties,":[577],"developing":[579],"media":[580],"assets,":[581],"American":[582],"intelligence":[583],"operatives":[584],"Special":[587],"Procedures":[588],"Group":[589],"(SPG),":[590],"branch":[592],"CIA,":[595],"prevented":[596],"what":[597,617],"otherwise":[599],"been":[601],"Communist":[603],"victory.":[604],"late":[606],"June":[607],"Union":[611],"began":[612,650],"stages":[615],"would":[618],"grow":[619],"full-scale":[622],"blockade":[623],"West":[625],"Berlin.":[626],"Cut":[627],"off":[628],"means":[631],"ingress":[633],"egress":[635],"road":[637],"rail,":[639],"Western":[641],"Allies,":[642],"under":[643],"direction":[645],"General":[647],"Lucius":[648],"Clay,":[649],"massive":[652],"airlift":[653],"thwart":[655],"designs.":[657],"\u2026":[658]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}