{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095437752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00896878","title":"Natural language processing techniques in computer-assisted language learning: Status and instructional issues","display_name":"Natural language processing techniques in computer-assisted language learning: Status and instructional issues","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095437752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00896878","mag":"2095437752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00896878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00896878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00896878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143778727","display_name":"Instructional Science","issn_l":"0020-4277","issn":["0020-4277","1573-1952"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Instructional Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2095437752"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007640487","display_name":"V. Melissa Holland","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088792","display_name":"United States Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Melissa Holland","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Research Institute, 5001 Eisenhower Avenue, 22333-5600, Alexandria, VA, USA","U.S. Army Research Institute, Alexandria, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Institute, 5001 Eisenhower Avenue, 22333-5600, Alexandria, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Institute, Alexandria, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jonathan D. Kaplan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088792","display_name":"United States Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan D. Kaplan","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Research Institute, 5001 Eisenhower Avenue, 22333-5600, Alexandria, VA, USA","U.S. Army Research Institute, Alexandria, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Institute, 5001 Eisenhower Avenue, 22333-5600, Alexandria, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Research Institute, Alexandria, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088792"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3798,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5827682,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"5-6","first_page":"351","last_page":"380"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.6654999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.6654999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.3127000033855438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-assisted-language-learning","display_name":"computer-assisted language learning","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntactic-analysis","display_name":"syntactic analysis","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-analysis","display_name":"semantic analysis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instructional-design","display_name":"instructional design","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-assessment","display_name":"language assessment","score":0.6520000100135803}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7909078001976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.753534197807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134895398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59157","display_name":"Educational psychology","level":2,"score":0.6752980351448059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6290643215179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6003586053848267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155092808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182557","display_name":"Computational linguistics","level":2,"score":0.5201797485351562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4671347141265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.4536454677581787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14919245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1976109","display_name":"Language technology","level":4,"score":0.4105033278465271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129353971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156949","display_name":"Comprehension approach","level":3,"score":0.25434309244155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.18027374148368835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1215185821056366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/bf00896878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00896878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00896878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143778727","display_name":"Instructional Science","issn_l":"0020-4277","issn":["0020-4277","1573-1952"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Instructional Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.975600004196167}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":113,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19828709","https://openalex.org/W89324944","https://openalex.org/W106937759","https://openalex.org/W110373689","https://openalex.org/W117189855","https://openalex.org/W139319301","https://openalex.org/W140995199","https://openalex.org/W165583390","https://openalex.org/W190046928","https://openalex.org/W200959616","https://openalex.org/W209737913","https://openalex.org/W349771708","https://openalex.org/W349867573","https://openalex.org/W565406893","https://openalex.org/W582343179","https://openalex.org/W635017304","https://openalex.org/W638004160","https://openalex.org/W641721222","https://openalex.org/W776792592","https://openalex.org/W1492582005","https://openalex.org/W1498670624","https://openalex.org/W1499801486","https://openalex.org/W1523146112","https://openalex.org/W1549026077","https://openalex.org/W1561338230","https://openalex.org/W1564397683","https://openalex.org/W1570202701","https://openalex.org/W1573785810","https://openalex.org/W1583834008","https://openalex.org/W1586060904","https://openalex.org/W1644866298","https://openalex.org/W1698873422","https://openalex.org/W1754950871","https://openalex.org/W1778058386","https://openalex.org/W1791679204","https://openalex.org/W1791931767","https://openalex.org/W1815090327","https://openalex.org/W1818230507","https://openalex.org/W1827250200","https://openalex.org/W1887577660","https://openalex.org/W1952119359","https://openalex.org/W1971060454","https://openalex.org/W1971632315","https://openalex.org/W1975019819","https://openalex.org/W1984309425","https://openalex.org/W1986268960","https://openalex.org/W1989696966","https://openalex.org/W1996341462","https://openalex.org/W1998696323","https://openalex.org/W1998734609","https://openalex.org/W2010110136","https://openalex.org/W2016288462","https://openalex.org/W2017532034","https://openalex.org/W2020368442","https://openalex.org/W2020851547","https://openalex.org/W2022942752","https://openalex.org/W2029443421","https://openalex.org/W2031583323","https://openalex.org/W2032071689","https://openalex.org/W2045134754","https://openalex.org/W2047557426","https://openalex.org/W2048797904","https://openalex.org/W2049072322","https://openalex.org/W2051961770","https://openalex.org/W2059617789","https://openalex.org/W2072404599","https://openalex.org/W2074241103","https://openalex.org/W2078853228","https://openalex.org/W2081206354","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2088249757","https://openalex.org/W2106906799","https://openalex.org/W2112898416","https://openalex.org/W2115584913","https://openalex.org/W2123987305","https://openalex.org/W2124208312","https://openalex.org/W2124699212","https://openalex.org/W2126562247","https://openalex.org/W2144105102","https://openalex.org/W2145855082","https://openalex.org/W2147868912","https://openalex.org/W2158692302","https://openalex.org/W2173880028","https://openalex.org/W2264742718","https://openalex.org/W2308250814","https://openalex.org/W2312747799","https://openalex.org/W2313926270","https://openalex.org/W2315422329","https://openalex.org/W2315940120","https://openalex.org/W2322302653","https://openalex.org/W2324943254","https://openalex.org/W2489531109","https://openalex.org/W2491717173","https://openalex.org/W2494308805","https://openalex.org/W2528298992","https://openalex.org/W2804938056","https://openalex.org/W2936433210","https://openalex.org/W2994101472","https://openalex.org/W3141745772","https://openalex.org/W3202619697","https://openalex.org/W4206990238","https://openalex.org/W4230310852","https://openalex.org/W4242937732","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4293311427","https://openalex.org/W4294015604","https://openalex.org/W4300940136","https://openalex.org/W6633021913","https://openalex.org/W6635152973","https://openalex.org/W7024467038","https://openalex.org/W7038817406","https://openalex.org/W7055477271","https://openalex.org/W7062576073"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499801486","https://openalex.org/W1993062457","https://openalex.org/W7100146533","https://openalex.org/W2965393632","https://openalex.org/W4206405131","https://openalex.org/W1986462258","https://openalex.org/W158766173","https://openalex.org/W7209497452","https://openalex.org/W7171493610","https://openalex.org/W2563509697"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}