{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2095086030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2014.2323200","title":"On-Chip Sample Preparation for Multiple Targets Using Digital Microfluidics","display_name":"On-Chip Sample Preparation for Multiple Targets Using Digital Microfluidics","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2095086030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2014.2323200","mag":"2095086030"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2014.2323200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2014.2323200","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2014.2323200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064391008","display_name":"Debasis Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-1252","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-1252"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155837530","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Durgapur","ror":"https://ror.org/04ds0jm32","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debasis Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155837530"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083074030","display_name":"Sudip Kumar Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7873-3069","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7873-3069"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91807558","display_name":"National Cheng Kung University","ror":"https://ror.org/01b8kcc49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudip Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronic Design Automation Laboratory, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science and Information EngineeringElectronic Design Automation Laboratory, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic Design Automation Laboratory, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information EngineeringElectronic Design Automation Laboratory, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91807558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062886706","display_name":"Sukanta Bhattacharjee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4341-5380","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4341-5380","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8660-4574"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sukanta Bhattacharjee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033880864","display_name":"Krishnendu Chakrabarty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4475-6435","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4475-6435"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishnendu Chakrabarty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Dept. of ECE, Duke University, Durham, NC USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE, Duke University, Durham, NC USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067730042","display_name":"Bhargab B. Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5890-2483","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5890-2483"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6498739","display_name":"Indian Statistical Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00q2w1j53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bhargab B. Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6498739"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1657,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8818051,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"8","first_page":"1131","last_page":"1144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12452","display_name":"Electrowetting and Microfluidic Technologies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10412","display_name":"Microfluidic and Capillary Electrophoresis Applications","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11407","display_name":"Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-microfluidics","display_name":"digital microfluidics","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/on-chip-sample-preparation","display_name":"on-chip sample preparation","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/droplet-mixing","display_name":"droplet mixing","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dilution","display_name":"dilution","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/de-bruijn-graph","display_name":"de Bruijn graph","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymmetric-traveling-salesman-problem","display_name":"asymmetric traveling salesman problem","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioassay","display_name":"bioassay","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/droplet-formation","display_name":"droplet formation","score":0.4580000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87892846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864256","display_name":"Biochip","level":2,"score":0.7729700803756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8673954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845","display_name":"Microfluidics","level":2,"score":0.75766921043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92444450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276112","display_name":"Digital microfluidics","level":4,"score":0.6948313117027283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175859090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322212","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","level":2,"score":0.6241727471351624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6106006503105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5707617402076721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138777275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054","display_name":"Mixing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5701065063476562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5644635558128357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5296399593353271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778576202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2540164","display_name":"Sample preparation","level":2,"score":0.48577120900154114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40875361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2356542","display_name":"Reagent","level":2,"score":0.4767140746116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138942068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633261","display_name":"Lab-on-a-chip","level":3,"score":0.46236661076545715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.4558389186859131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.43909966945648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.3414978086948395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30464762449264526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.25385668873786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.23978057503700256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2342531383037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.20524358749389648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.16038119792938232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14242911338806152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.13937005400657654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779673822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907239","display_name":"Electrowetting","level":3,"score":0.10405927896499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0764184296131134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tcad.2014.2323200","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2014.2323200","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2014.2323200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100835903","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","issn_l":"0278-0070","issn":["0278-0070","1937-4151"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G418120942","display_name":"SHF: Small:Design Tools and Optimization Methods for Digital Microfluidic Biochips","funder_award_id":"0914895","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8484274145","display_name":"CPS:Medium:Hardware/Software Co-Design for the Life Sciences: Towards a Programmable and Reconfigurable Lab-on-Chip","funder_award_id":"1135853","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1829285233","https://openalex.org/W1980181699","https://openalex.org/W1992249619","https://openalex.org/W1993397663","https://openalex.org/W2007104312","https://openalex.org/W2011136641","https://openalex.org/W2017708378","https://openalex.org/W2024447195","https://openalex.org/W2026242786","https://openalex.org/W2028748933","https://openalex.org/W2029481052","https://openalex.org/W2032239903","https://openalex.org/W2036702954","https://openalex.org/W2041391522","https://openalex.org/W2042181447","https://openalex.org/W2042986967","https://openalex.org/W2050819731","https://openalex.org/W2057084070","https://openalex.org/W2068411283","https://openalex.org/W2078650887","https://openalex.org/W2084364074","https://openalex.org/W2095454340","https://openalex.org/W2098665512","https://openalex.org/W2108199669","https://openalex.org/W2109508253","https://openalex.org/W2109672828","https://openalex.org/W2109834102","https://openalex.org/W2115471557","https://openalex.org/W2141056356","https://openalex.org/W2157536064","https://openalex.org/W2168567259","https://openalex.org/W2172036636","https://openalex.org/W2399662771","https://openalex.org/W2418557437","https://openalex.org/W4300421941"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172036636","https://openalex.org/W2790494341","https://openalex.org/W2008548447","https://openalex.org/W175083226","https://openalex.org/W3199061047","https://openalex.org/W2078650887","https://openalex.org/W2811364359","https://openalex.org/W2139935891","https://openalex.org/W2068411283","https://openalex.org/W2007104312"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,75],"many":[1],"biochemical":[2,22],"protocols,":[3],"sample":[4,212],"preparation":[5,32],"is":[6,24,72,181],"an":[7,80,145],"extremely":[8],"important":[9],"step":[10],"for":[11,83,209],"mixing":[12,29],"multiple":[13,56],"reagents":[14],"in":[15,94,107,166,183],"a":[16,21,43,68,73,88,95,103,128,136,154,207],"given":[17,104],"ratio.":[18],"Dilution":[19],"of":[20,28,59,86,90,98,168,171,186],"sample/reagent":[23],"the":[25,48,60,84,123,160,169,194],"special":[26],"case":[27],"or":[30,190],"solution":[31,82],"where":[33],"only":[34],"two":[35],"fluids":[36],"(sample":[37],"and":[38,63,101,133,176],"buffer)":[39],"are":[40],"mixed":[41],"at":[42],"certain":[44],"ratio":[45],"corresponding":[46],"to":[47,204],"desired":[49],"concentration":[50,57,108],"factor.":[51],"Many":[52],"bioassays":[53],"often":[54],"require":[55,117],"values":[58],"same":[61],"sample/reagent,":[62],"implementing":[64],"them":[65],"efficiently":[66],"on":[67,193],"digital":[69,197],"microfluidic":[70,198],"biochip":[71],"challenge.":[74],"this":[76,113],"paper,":[77],"we":[78],"present":[79],"algorithmic":[81],"problem":[85,149],"producing":[87],"set":[89,157],"different":[91],"target":[92],"droplets":[93],"minimum":[96],"number":[97,170],"mix-split":[99,138,172],"steps,":[100,173],"satisfying":[102],"upper":[105],"bound":[106],"error.":[109],"Unlike":[110],"prior":[111],"methods,":[112],"approach":[114],"does":[115],"not":[116],"any":[118],"intermediate":[119],"storage.":[120],"We":[121],"represent":[122],"underlying":[124],"search":[125],"space":[126],"using":[127],"binary":[129],"de":[130],"Brujin":[131],"graph":[132],"show":[134],"that":[135,159],"shortest":[137],"sequence":[139],"can":[140,200],"be":[141,201],"obtained":[142],"by":[143],"solving":[144],"asymmetric":[146],"traveling":[147],"salesman":[148],"therein.":[150],"Simulation":[151],"results":[152],"over":[153],"large":[155],"data":[156],"reveal":[158],"proposed":[161],"technique":[162,208],"outperforms":[163],"existing":[164],"methods":[165],"terms":[167],"waste":[174],"droplets,":[175],"reactant":[177],"usage.":[178],"The":[179],"method":[180],"applicable":[182],"general":[184],"scenarios":[185],"either":[187],"one":[188],"mixer":[189],"more":[191],"mixers":[192],"chip.":[195],"A":[196],"platform":[199],"easily":[202],"designed":[203],"implement":[205],"such":[206],"rapid":[210],"on-chip":[211],"preparation.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
