{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094961471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.176004","title":"LEDs in frequency-omain spectroscopy of tissues","display_name":"LEDs in frequency-omain spectroscopy of tissues","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-05-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094961471","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.176004","mag":"2094961471"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.176004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.176004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.176004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034890407","display_name":"Maria Angela Franceschini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-423X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-423X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria-Angela Franceschini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079919056","display_name":"Sergio Fantini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5116-525X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5116-525X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sergio Fantini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005039590","display_name":"Enrico Gratton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-7391","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6450-7391"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Gratton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (United States)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (United States)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1166,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90013141,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2135","issue":null,"first_page":"300","last_page":"306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diodes","display_name":"light-emitting diodes","score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain-spectroscopy","display_name":"frequency domain spectroscopy","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity-modulation","display_name":"intensity modulation","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-optical-properties","display_name":"tissue optical properties","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-infrared","display_name":"near-infrared","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency-modulation","display_name":"RF modulation","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-cost-spectrometer","display_name":"low-cost spectrometer","score":0.5329999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.9309906363487244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.7505791783332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.5602190494537354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.5416626334190369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5198628902435303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33390570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188463","display_name":"Spectrometer","level":2,"score":0.49520745873451233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4675252437591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2528853416442871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16229096055030823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1117/12.176004","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.176004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1117/12.176004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S183492911","display_name":"Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE","issn_l":"0277-786X","issn":["0277-786X","1996-756X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315543","host_organization_name":"SPIE","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SPIE"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SPIE Proceedings","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332222","display_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1498396664","https://openalex.org/W1978025224","https://openalex.org/W2014414879","https://openalex.org/W2014885692","https://openalex.org/W2015020061","https://openalex.org/W2015703157","https://openalex.org/W2050973816","https://openalex.org/W2074948889","https://openalex.org/W2087444994","https://openalex.org/W2144243405","https://openalex.org/W2169119609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7039228917","https://openalex.org/W4320807887","https://openalex.org/W1981097671","https://openalex.org/W2032968172","https://openalex.org/W2564789074","https://openalex.org/W2347555929","https://openalex.org/W2045068792","https://openalex.org/W7096540974","https://openalex.org/W2275927151","https://openalex.org/W2043898002"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Light":[0],"spectroscopy":[1,107],"in":[2,73,101,145,148],"the":[3,10,19,56,59,77,93,121,131],"frequency-domain":[4,30,106,142],"has":[5],"been":[6],"used":[7,118],"to":[8,64,87,119],"study":[9],"optical":[11],"properties":[12],"of":[13,21,34,46,58,71,80,89,123,133,140],"biological":[14],"tissues.":[15],"We":[16,113],"have":[17],"analyzed":[18],"possibility":[20,132],"using":[22],"LEDs":[23,35,53,98,124],"as":[24],"intensity":[25,122],"modulated":[26],"light":[27,78],"sources":[28],"for":[29,55,100],"spectroscopy.":[31],"The":[32],"use":[33],"presents":[36],"several":[37],"advantages:":[38],"one":[39],"LED's":[40],"output":[41,79],"covers":[42],"a":[43,69,109,135],"spectral":[44,60],"region":[45,70],"about":[47],"80":[48],"nm,":[49,66],"and":[50,91,128,147],"commercially":[51],"available":[52],"allow":[54],"coverage":[57],"range":[61],"from":[62],"550":[63],"900":[65],"which":[67],"is":[68,83,108],"interest":[72],"near-IR":[74],"medical":[75],"applications;":[76],"an":[81],"LED":[82,105,141],"stable":[84],"with":[85],"respect":[86],"that":[88],"lasers":[90],"lamps;":[92],"wide":[94],"angular":[95],"distribution":[96],"make":[97],"safe":[99],"vivo":[102],"studies.":[103],"Furthermore,":[104],"relatively":[110],"inexpensive":[111],"technique.":[112],"describe":[114],"some":[115],"circuits":[116],"we":[117],"modulate":[120],"at":[125],"radio":[126],"frequency,":[127],"point":[129],"out":[130],"building":[134],"multisource":[136],"spectrometer.":[137],"Some":[138],"applications":[139],"spectroscopy,":[143],"both":[144],"vitro":[146],"vivo,":[149],"are":[150],"shown.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}