{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094897534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/npr.4040120406","title":"How to take multiple measures to get a complete picture of organizational performance","display_name":"How to take multiple measures to get a complete picture of organizational performance","publication_year":1993,"publication_date":"1993-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094897534","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/npr.4040120406","mag":"2094897534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/npr.4040120406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/npr.4040120406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/npr.4040120406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46859809","display_name":"National Productivity Review","issn_l":"0277-8556","issn":["0277-8556","1520-6734","1531-1864","1531-6653"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Productivity Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022696052","display_name":"Lloyd Provost","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-0038","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3724-0038"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lloyd Provost","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lloyd Provost is a consultant with Associates in Process Improvement in Austin, Texas. He consults in many areas of quality management including systems thinking, measurement, planning, and managing improvement. Susan Leddick, Ph.D., is a consultant in quality management and president of Profound Knowledge Resources, Inc., in Dallas, Texas. She was an original contributor to the Transformation of American Industry National Community College Training Project in the 1980s, has written several publications, and is a frequent conference presenter on quality managemen. The authors wish to acknowledge the input of other members of Associates in Process Improvement in developing many of the ideas in this article"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lloyd Provost is a consultant with Associates in Process Improvement in Austin, Texas. He consults in many areas of quality management including systems thinking, measurement, planning, and managing improvement. Susan Leddick, Ph.D., is a consultant in quality management and president of Profound Knowledge Resources, Inc., in Dallas, Texas. She was an original contributor to the Transformation of American Industry National Community College Training Project in the 1980s, has written several publications, and is a frequent conference presenter on quality managemen. The authors wish to acknowledge the input of other members of Associates in Process Improvement in developing many of the ideas in this article","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009381038","display_name":"Susan Leddick","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Leddick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lloyd Provost is a consultant with Associates in Process Improvement in Austin, Texas. He consults in many areas of quality management including systems thinking, measurement, planning, and managing improvement. Susan Leddick, Ph.D., is a consultant in quality management and president of Profound Knowledge Resources, Inc., in Dallas, Texas. She was an original contributor to the Transformation of American Industry National Community College Training Project in the 1980s, has written several publications, and is a frequent conference presenter on quality managemen. The authors wish to acknowledge the input of other members of Associates in Process Improvement in developing many of the ideas in this article"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lloyd Provost is a consultant with Associates in Process Improvement in Austin, Texas. He consults in many areas of quality management including systems thinking, measurement, planning, and managing improvement. Susan Leddick, Ph.D., is a consultant in quality management and president of Profound Knowledge Resources, Inc., in Dallas, Texas. She was an original contributor to the Transformation of American Industry National Community College Training Project in the 1980s, has written several publications, and is a frequent conference presenter on quality managemen. The authors wish to acknowledge the input of other members of Associates in Process Improvement in developing many of the ideas in this article","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.31282988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"477","last_page":"490"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10797","display_name":"Accounting and Organizational Management","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10797","display_name":"Accounting and Organizational Management","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10164","display_name":"Quality and Supply Management","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10910","display_name":"Corporate Governance and Management","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-performance-measurement","display_name":"organizational performance evaluation","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder-perspectives","display_name":"stakeholder perspectives","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/balanced-scorecard","display_name":"balanced scorecard","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managerial-decision-making","display_name":"management decision-making","score":0.6150000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-dashboard","display_name":"performance dashboard","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-firms","display_name":"manufacturing companies","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-organizations","display_name":"service organizations","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-health","display_name":"organizational health","score":0.6710000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6795785427093506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6256096363067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6098455190658569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120757647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381136","display_name":"Shareholder","level":3,"score":0.5545766949653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5337371230125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5230413675308228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.5195746421813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165672731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25047583","display_name":"Organizational performance","level":2,"score":0.4717731475830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.46919912099838257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.4544118642807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.4493808448314667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759524","display_name":"Organizational structure","level":2,"score":0.420240581035614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67674302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q730573","display_name":"Organizational culture","level":2,"score":0.41805410385131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3390668034553528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.321525514125824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.27511394023895264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.1516295075416565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.1025155782699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10064899921417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.08388563990592957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/npr.4040120406","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/npr.4040120406","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/npr.4040120406","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S46859809","display_name":"National Productivity Review","issn_l":"0277-8556","issn":["0277-8556","1520-6734","1531-1864","1531-6653"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Productivity Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482047743","https://openalex.org/W1596432671","https://openalex.org/W1968539513","https://openalex.org/W2019794239","https://openalex.org/W3151727758","https://openalex.org/W4243986582","https://openalex.org/W4253981401"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038856725","https://openalex.org/W11130528","https://openalex.org/W2253552871","https://openalex.org/W6939327251","https://openalex.org/W3005633032","https://openalex.org/W4241945488","https://openalex.org/W7168137416","https://openalex.org/W1600259478","https://openalex.org/W2367864591","https://openalex.org/W1509841867"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"By":[1],"drawing":[2],"together":[3],"a":[4,35,41,67,81,94],"set":[5,104],"of":[6,8,14,38,43,47,60,62,70,80,83,96,105],"measurements":[7],"the":[9,12,27,45,50,58,78,103],"organization":[10,24,51],"from":[11,32,57,87],"perspectives":[13],"its":[15],"various":[16],"stakeholders\u2014customers,":[17],"employees,":[18],"stockholders,":[19],"owners,":[20],"suppliers,":[21],"and":[22,73,89,92,101,111],"communities\u2014an":[23],"can":[25,52],"avoid":[26],"shortsightedness":[28],"that":[29],"often":[30],"results":[31],"focusing":[33],"on":[34],"single":[36],"measure":[37],"success.":[39],"With":[40],"family":[42,82],"measures,":[44],"impact":[46],"changes":[48],"to":[49,107],"be":[53],"studied":[54],"at":[55],"once":[56],"point":[59],"view":[61],"all":[63],"stakeholders,":[64],"thus":[65],"ensuring":[66],"holistic":[68],"understanding":[69],"organizational":[71],"health":[72],"performance.":[74],"This":[75],"article":[76],"explains":[77],"concept":[79],"measures;":[84],"provides":[85],"examples":[86],"manufacturing":[88],"service":[90],"organizations;":[91],"addresses":[93],"number":[95],"considerations":[97],"about":[98],"developing,":[99],"displaying,":[100],"using":[102],"measures":[106],"improve":[108],"management":[109],"planning":[110],"decision":[112],"making.":[113]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-23T05:00:35.095934","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
