{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094650656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2009.00073.x","title":"Karl Pearson and the Establishment of Mathematical Statistics","display_name":"Karl Pearson and the Establishment of Mathematical Statistics","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094650656","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2009.00073.x","mag":"2094650656"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2009.00073.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2009.00073.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2009.00073.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17395904","display_name":"International Statistical Review","issn_l":"0306-7734","issn":["0306-7734","1751-5823"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Statistical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005768294","display_name":"M. Eileen Magnello","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Eileen Magnello","raw_affiliation_strings":["University College London, UK E-mail: [email protected]","University College London, UK E-mail: meileenmagnello@aol.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK E-mail: [email protected]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London, UK E-mail: meileenmagnello@aol.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005768294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":{"value":4880,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4880},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.7217,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97658618,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"77","issue":"1","first_page":"3","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.3959999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.3959999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12170","display_name":"History and Theory of Mathematics","score":0.30079999566078186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2614","display_name":"Theoretical Computer Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13500","display_name":"Probability and Statistical Research","score":0.06279999762773514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karl-pearson","display_name":"Karl Pearson","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/francis-galton","display_name":"Francis Galton","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charles-darwin","display_name":"Charles Darwin","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-statistics","display_name":"mathematical statistics","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"biometrics","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-statistics","display_name":"history of statistics","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-variation","display_name":"population variation","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speciation","display_name":"speciation","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carcinus-maenas","display_name":"Carcinus maenas","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-methodology","display_name":"statistical methodology","score":0.5460000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51779217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5519373","display_name":"Galton's problem","level":2,"score":0.5825863480567932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779677306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732142","display_name":"Statistician","level":2,"score":0.5753650665283203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745328","display_name":"Mathematical statistics","level":2,"score":0.5431285500526428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4735540449619293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.46571066975593567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48057537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3551145","display_name":"Statistical theory","level":2,"score":0.43620383739471436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.4175792336463928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.37989678978919983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30455532670021057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.1533544361591339}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2009.00073.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2009.00073.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-5823.2009.00073.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17395904","display_name":"International Statistical Review","issn_l":"0306-7734","issn":["0306-7734","1751-5823"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Statistical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W608571223","https://openalex.org/W622689260","https://openalex.org/W1014256094","https://openalex.org/W1411911080","https://openalex.org/W1521267074","https://openalex.org/W1529906102","https://openalex.org/W1540938302","https://openalex.org/W1541889620","https://openalex.org/W1629510273","https://openalex.org/W1905165981","https://openalex.org/W1969491527","https://openalex.org/W1974145900","https://openalex.org/W1974154005","https://openalex.org/W1977431865","https://openalex.org/W1979579723","https://openalex.org/W1979593580","https://openalex.org/W1981278110","https://openalex.org/W1983554669","https://openalex.org/W1991440186","https://openalex.org/W1997717262","https://openalex.org/W2005825070","https://openalex.org/W2012871925","https://openalex.org/W2017307740","https://openalex.org/W2017313821","https://openalex.org/W2019420194","https://openalex.org/W2029324354","https://openalex.org/W2031648200","https://openalex.org/W2037280729","https://openalex.org/W2039717981","https://openalex.org/W2048747089","https://openalex.org/W2052854338","https://openalex.org/W2055525259","https://openalex.org/W2056484295","https://openalex.org/W2056875992","https://openalex.org/W2057720927","https://openalex.org/W2072381715","https://openalex.org/W2075444601","https://openalex.org/W2077877314","https://openalex.org/W2078102054","https://openalex.org/W2084840427","https://openalex.org/W2087468198","https://openalex.org/W2092356758","https://openalex.org/W2093326258","https://openalex.org/W2110181123","https://openalex.org/W2113479802","https://openalex.org/W2131823683","https://openalex.org/W2135811275","https://openalex.org/W2140244813","https://openalex.org/W2146741882","https://openalex.org/W2171089752","https://openalex.org/W2171463101","https://openalex.org/W2230283223","https://openalex.org/W2290195878","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2314548265","https://openalex.org/W2327188017","https://openalex.org/W2331458634","https://openalex.org/W2475272354","https://openalex.org/W2479696945","https://openalex.org/W2484961139","https://openalex.org/W2566396232","https://openalex.org/W2586414954","https://openalex.org/W2795759554","https://openalex.org/W2796689370","https://openalex.org/W2940713114","https://openalex.org/W4205801901","https://openalex.org/W4214888971","https://openalex.org/W4232319858","https://openalex.org/W4232627933","https://openalex.org/W4239744834","https://openalex.org/W4241833389","https://openalex.org/W4242577452","https://openalex.org/W4242731289","https://openalex.org/W4244568363","https://openalex.org/W4244770418","https://openalex.org/W4250564497","https://openalex.org/W4251388635","https://openalex.org/W4253371407","https://openalex.org/W4299307256","https://openalex.org/W4301492046","https://openalex.org/W4404566971","https://openalex.org/W6652289553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7116775924","https://openalex.org/W4250020498","https://openalex.org/W4238252181","https://openalex.org/W3088196965","https://openalex.org/W1541994786","https://openalex.org/W7096846742","https://openalex.org/W2140244813","https://openalex.org/W3123125264","https://openalex.org/W101820853","https://openalex.org/W2486162712"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Summary":[0],"At":[1],"the":[2,5,8,50,80,83,100,116,124,178,194,201,206,215],"end":[3],"of":[4,12,17,45,49,61,70,77,118,120,180,190,196,203,209,219],"nineteenth":[6],"century,":[7],"content":[9],"and":[10,32,65,74,95,105,122,167,193,217],"practice":[11],"statistics":[13],"underwent":[14],"a":[15,25,42,87,148,155],"series":[16],"transitions":[18],"that":[19,55],"led":[20,134],"to":[21,109,126,135,151,176],"its":[22],"emergence":[23],"as":[24,53,147,154],"highly":[26],"specialised":[27],"mathematical":[28,68,149,182],"discipline.":[29],"These":[30],"intellectual":[31],"later":[33,168],"institutional":[34],"changes":[35],"were,":[36],"in":[37,59,79,92,103,165,172,214],"part,":[38],"brought":[39,113],"about":[40],"by":[41],"mathematical\u2010statistical":[43],"translation":[44],"Charles":[46],"Darwin's":[47],"redefinition":[48],"biological":[51,72],"species":[52,78],"something":[54],"could":[56],"be":[57],"viewed":[58],"terms":[60],"populations.":[62],"Karl":[63],"Pearson":[64,136,161],"W.F.R.":[66],"Weldon's":[67,97],"reconceptualisation":[69],"Darwinian":[71],"variation":[73],"\u201cstatistical\u201d":[75],"population":[76],"1890s":[81],"provided":[82,123],"framework":[84],"within":[85],"which":[86],"major":[88],"paradigmatic":[89],"shift":[90],"occurred":[91],"statistical":[93,129,159,221],"techniques":[94],"theory.":[96],"work":[98,160],"on":[99],"shore":[101],"crab":[102],"Naples":[104],"Plymouth":[106],"from":[107,141],"1892":[108,166],"1895":[110],"not":[111],"only":[112],"them":[114],"into":[115],"forefront":[117],"ideas":[119],"speciation":[121],"impetus":[125],"Pearson's":[127,185],"earliest":[128],"innovations,":[130],"but":[131],"it":[132],"also":[133],"shifting":[137],"his":[138,188,204,210,220],"professional":[139],"interests":[140],"having":[142],"had":[143],"an":[144],"established":[145],"career":[146,212],"physicist":[150],"developing":[152],"one":[153],"biometrician.":[156],"The":[157],"innovative":[158],"undertook":[162],"with":[163,169],"Weldon":[164],"Francis":[170],"Galton":[171],"1894":[173],"enabled":[174],"him":[175],"lay":[177],"foundations":[179],"modern":[181],"statistics.":[183],"While":[184],"diverse":[186],"publications,":[187],"establishment":[189,216],"four":[191],"laboratories":[192],"creation":[195],"new":[197],"academic":[198],"departments":[199],"underscore":[200],"plurality":[202],"work,":[205],"main":[207],"focus":[208],"life\u2010long":[211],"was":[213],"promulgation":[218],"methodology.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}