{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094588342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.167","title":"Gene-Environment Interactions","display_name":"Gene-Environment Interactions","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094588342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.167","mag":"2094588342","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19996033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126359496","display_name":"Archives of General Psychiatry","issn_l":"0003-990X","issn":["0003-990X","1538-3636"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of General Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052743082","display_name":"Michael L. Rutter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1577-7405","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1577-7405"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90344618","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Rutter","raw_affiliation_strings":["PO 80, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London SE5 8AF, England. camilla.azis@kcl.ac.uk","Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PO 80, Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London SE5 8AF, England. camilla.azis@kcl.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025343580","display_name":"Anita Thapar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3689-737X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3689-737X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anita Thapar","raw_affiliation_strings":["King \u2018s College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King \u2018s College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033846900","display_name":"Andrew R. Pickles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-0346","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-0346"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Pickles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biostatistics & Health Informatics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biostatistics & Health Informatics","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2632,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":115,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98375441,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"12","first_page":"1287","last_page":"1287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.9096999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.07209999859333038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10529","display_name":"Stress Responses and Cortisol","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2802","display_name":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-environment-interaction","display_name":"gene-environment interaction","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serotonin-transporter-gene","display_name":"serotonin transporter gene","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/5-httlpr","display_name":"5-HTTLPR","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stressful-life-events","display_name":"life events","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/major-depressive-disorder","display_name":"major depressive disorder","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/short-allele","display_name":"short allele","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression-risk","display_name":"depression risk","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microdata","display_name":"microdata","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candidate-genes","display_name":"candidate genes","score":0.5559999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-mental-disorders","display_name":"complex mental disorders","score":0.527999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-exposure","display_name":"environmental exposure","score":0.38600000739097595}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.44161540269851685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.36783695220947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.3637205958366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2576743960380554}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126359496","display_name":"Archives of General Psychiatry","issn_l":"0003-990X","issn":["0003-990X","1538-3636"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of General Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19996033","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19996033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of general psychiatry","raw_type":"Comment"},{"id":"pmh:oai:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk:publications/b1b00411-d07f-42e3-afa5-369193720852","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/b1b00411-d07f-42e3-afa5-369193720852","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400216","display_name":"Research Portal (King's College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","host_organization_name":"King's College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Rutter, M, Thapar, A & Pickles, A 2009, 'Gene-Environment Interactions: Biologically Valid Pathway or Artefact?', Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 1287 - 1289. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.167","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9476000070571899,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis","display_name":"Meta-Analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W615466566","https://openalex.org/W1227733572","https://openalex.org/W1509551140","https://openalex.org/W1564488707","https://openalex.org/W1566345162","https://openalex.org/W1580128115","https://openalex.org/W1971231611","https://openalex.org/W1982886582","https://openalex.org/W1984169180","https://openalex.org/W1989784453","https://openalex.org/W1998733518","https://openalex.org/W2002640933","https://openalex.org/W2040973635","https://openalex.org/W2042170262","https://openalex.org/W2069799601","https://openalex.org/W2083935056","https://openalex.org/W2088842558","https://openalex.org/W2092281603","https://openalex.org/W2102457259","https://openalex.org/W2102581653","https://openalex.org/W2118136004","https://openalex.org/W2125644205","https://openalex.org/W2127323016","https://openalex.org/W2147351252","https://openalex.org/W2147477897","https://openalex.org/W2161085199","https://openalex.org/W2162196924","https://openalex.org/W2473014525","https://openalex.org/W2505597756","https://openalex.org/W3021545801","https://openalex.org/W6941002080"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2340980685","https://openalex.org/W4238124845","https://openalex.org/W2122246853","https://openalex.org/W4252244919","https://openalex.org/W1984832856","https://openalex.org/W1539531350","https://openalex.org/W2065220020","https://openalex.org/W2127606855","https://openalex.org/W2591920123","https://openalex.org/W2113627608"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"JAMA":[0],"Interaction":[4],"Between":[5],"the":[6,77,83,111,114,155,165,171,199,210,261,266,291,294,302,332,368,373,400,405,437,452],"Serotonin":[7],"Transporter":[8],"Gene":[9],"(5-HTTLPR),":[10],"Stressful":[11],"Life":[12],"Events,":[13],"and":[14,68,92,118,128,140,191,201,308,316,327,342,395,413,419],"Risk":[15],"of":[16,73,79,100,110,137,149,181,195,204,214,221,277,293,296,304,331,350,370,375,399,440,470],"Depression:":[17],"A":[18],"Meta-analysis":[19],"Neil":[22],"Risch,":[23],"PhD;":[24,27,30,33,36,39,45,48],"Richard":[25],"Herrell,":[26],"Thomas":[28],"Lehner,":[29],"Kung-Yee":[31],"Liang,":[32],"Lindon":[34],"Eaves,":[35],"Josephine":[37],"Hoh,":[38],"Andrea":[40],"Griem,":[41],"BS;":[42],"Marika":[43],"Kovacs,":[44],"Jurg":[46],"Ott,":[47],"Kathleen":[49],"Ries":[50],"Merikangas,":[51],"PhD":[52],"Context:\u2002":[54],"Substantial":[56],"resources":[57],"are":[58],"being":[59],"devoted":[60],"to":[61,225,236,254,289],"identify":[62],"candidate":[63],"genes":[64],"for":[65,154,162,164,241,324],"complex":[66],"mental":[67],"behavioral":[69],"disorders":[70],"through":[71,143],"inclusion":[72,258],"environmental":[74],"exposures":[75],"following":[76],"report":[78],"an":[80,97,467],"interaction":[81,112,310,415,459],"between":[82,113,173,392,417],"serotonin":[84,115,453],"transporter":[85,116,454],"linked":[86],"polymorphic":[87],"region":[88],"(":[89],"5-HTTLPR":[90,174,300,393],")":[91],"stressful":[93,119,182,305,376,420,461],"life":[94,120,183,306,377,421,462],"events":[95,121,184,378,422,463],"on":[96,122,170,311,423],"increased":[98],"risk":[99,469],"major":[101],"depression.":[102,312,363],"Objective:\u2002":[104],"To":[106,232],"conduct":[107],"a":[108,192,222,238,273,348],"meta-analysis":[109,276,369,439,447],"gene":[117],"depression":[123,196,227,383,396,424,471],"using":[124,337],"both":[125,479],"published":[126,168,252,371],"data":[127,169,248],"individual-level":[129,279,441],"original":[130,247,278],"data.":[131,280,442],"Data":[133,282],"Sources:\u2002":[134],"Search":[136],"PubMed,":[138],"EMBASE,":[139],"PsycINFO":[141],"databases":[142],"March":[144],"2009":[145],"yielded":[146,448],"26":[147],"studies":[148,163,251,263,402],"which":[150],"14":[151,262],"met":[152,257],"criteria":[153],"meta-analysis.":[156,339],"Study":[158],"Selection:\u2002":[159],"Criteria":[161],"meta-analyses":[166,344],"included":[167,264,271],"association":[172,389],"genotype":[175,394,418,455],"(SS,":[176],"SL,":[177],"or":[178,189,209,219,457,477],"LL),":[179],"number":[180,295,303,374],"(0,":[185],"1,":[186],"2,":[187],"3)":[188],"equivalent,":[190],"categorical":[193],"measure":[194],"defined":[197],"by":[198],"Diagnostic":[200],"Statistical":[202,212],"Manual":[203],"Mental":[205],"Disorders":[206],"(Fourth":[207],"Edition)":[208],"International":[211],"Classification":[213],"Diseases,":[215],"10th":[216],"Revision":[217],"(ICD-10)":[218],"use":[220,237],"cut":[223],"point":[224],"define":[226],"from":[228,249],"standardized":[229],"rating":[230],"scales.":[231],"maximize":[233],"our":[234],"ability":[235],"common":[239],"framework":[240],"variable":[242],"definition,":[243],"we":[244],"also":[245,270],"requested":[246],"all":[250],"prior":[253],"2008":[255],"that":[256,451],"criteria.":[259],"Of":[260,347],"in":[265,272,397,404,436,458,472,478],"meta-analysis,":[267],"10":[268],"were":[269,321,335,345,354,434],"second":[274],"sex-specific":[275,343,438],"Extraction:\u2002":[283],"Logistic":[285],"regression":[286],"was":[287,379,390,425],"used":[288],"estimate":[290],"effects":[292],"short":[297],"alleles":[298],"at":[299],",":[301],"events,":[307],"their":[309],"Odds":[313],"ratios":[314],"(ORs)":[315],"95%":[317,386,410,429],"confidence":[318],"intervals":[319],"(CIs)":[320],"calculated":[322],"separately":[323],"each":[325],"study":[326],"then":[328],"weighted":[329,406],"averages":[330],"individual":[333,401],"estimates":[334],"obtained":[336],"random-effects":[338],"Both":[340],"sex-combined":[341],"conducted.":[346],"total":[349],"14\u00a0250":[351],"participants,":[352],"1769":[353],"classified":[355],"as":[356,360],"having":[357,362],"depression;":[358],"12\u00a0481":[359],"not":[361],"Results:\u2002":[365],"In":[367],"data,":[372],"significantly":[380],"associated":[381,465],"with":[382,460,466],"(OR,":[384,408,427],"1.41;":[385],"CI,1.25-1.57).":[387],"No":[388],"found":[391,435],"any":[398],"nor":[403],"average":[407],"1.05;":[409],"CI,":[411,430],"0.98-1.13)":[412],"no":[414,449],"effect":[416],"observed":[426],"1.01;":[428],"0.94-1.10).":[431],"Comparable":[432],"results":[433],"Conclusion:\u2002":[444],"This":[446],"evidence":[450],"alone":[456],"is":[464],"elevated":[468],"men":[473],"alone,":[474,476],"women":[475],"sexes":[480],"combined.":[481],"JAMA.":[484],"2009;301(23):2462-2471..":[485]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}