{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094535645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981080","title":"Reconsidering grades as data for decision making: more than just academic knowledge","display_name":"Reconsidering grades as data for decision making: more than just academic knowledge","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094535645","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981080","mag":"2094535645"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/09578230910981080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88066655","display_name":"Journal of Educational Administration","issn_l":"0957-8234","issn":["0957-8234","1758-7395"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Administration","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009069747","display_name":"Alex J. Bowers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5140-6428","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5140-6428"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alex J. Bowers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, College of Education and Human Development, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, College of Education and Human Development, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009069747"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.803,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9768456,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"5","first_page":"609","last_page":"629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10959","display_name":"Student Assessment and Feedback","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-driven-decision-making","display_name":"data-driven decision making","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-test-scores","display_name":"standardized test scores","score":0.7670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/act","display_name":"ACT","score":0.5540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-social-skills","display_name":"student social skills","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidimensional-scaling","display_name":"multidimensional scaling","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secondary-school-students","display_name":"high school students","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-leadership","display_name":"school leadership","score":0.5149999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-policy-making","display_name":"education policy-making","score":0.4099999964237213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.665549635887146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203151758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3244907","display_name":"Standardized test","level":2,"score":0.5890673398971558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5806374549865723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.5745723843574524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5704867243766785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.500267744064331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.44810572266578674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.4329748749732971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781206393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2748419","display_name":"Academic achievement","level":2,"score":0.4253201186656952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.20995238423347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.14238914847373962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.11970123648643494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/09578230910981080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981080","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/09578230910981080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S88066655","display_name":"Journal of Educational Administration","issn_l":"0957-8234","issn":["0957-8234","1758-7395"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Educational Administration","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.975600004196167,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50353896","https://openalex.org/W52241398","https://openalex.org/W85047175","https://openalex.org/W127369299","https://openalex.org/W180868554","https://openalex.org/W249152586","https://openalex.org/W274613275","https://openalex.org/W306690202","https://openalex.org/W569092168","https://openalex.org/W628882727","https://openalex.org/W642402397","https://openalex.org/W1502655182","https://openalex.org/W1525682439","https://openalex.org/W1628820323","https://openalex.org/W1964384634","https://openalex.org/W1966846336","https://openalex.org/W1968768022","https://openalex.org/W1977164543","https://openalex.org/W1983875977","https://openalex.org/W2000618664","https://openalex.org/W2001850349","https://openalex.org/W2006239594","https://openalex.org/W2013423818","https://openalex.org/W2022006707","https://openalex.org/W2023481101","https://openalex.org/W2024985862","https://openalex.org/W2030484139","https://openalex.org/W2036057821","https://openalex.org/W2056202388","https://openalex.org/W2073984073","https://openalex.org/W2074826665","https://openalex.org/W2076499739","https://openalex.org/W2082594643","https://openalex.org/W2084018112","https://openalex.org/W2085944849","https://openalex.org/W2088089412","https://openalex.org/W2096068740","https://openalex.org/W2111167234","https://openalex.org/W2113261759","https://openalex.org/W2114816869","https://openalex.org/W2134963265","https://openalex.org/W2137709464","https://openalex.org/W2141198703","https://openalex.org/W2143187195","https://openalex.org/W2145239568","https://openalex.org/W2146100057","https://openalex.org/W2147678577","https://openalex.org/W2149149426","https://openalex.org/W2157641949","https://openalex.org/W2160269573","https://openalex.org/W2163828132","https://openalex.org/W2165927948","https://openalex.org/W2167870969","https://openalex.org/W2170065827","https://openalex.org/W2178124218","https://openalex.org/W2179924401","https://openalex.org/W2197731288","https://openalex.org/W2290361319","https://openalex.org/W2493953947","https://openalex.org/W2495084345","https://openalex.org/W2508031730","https://openalex.org/W2796537024","https://openalex.org/W2890878346","https://openalex.org/W3099839986","https://openalex.org/W4230320862","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4292890447","https://openalex.org/W6712860516","https://openalex.org/W7006341175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100445025","https://openalex.org/W2037346301","https://openalex.org/W2980273837","https://openalex.org/W2961186265","https://openalex.org/W2773062803","https://openalex.org/W2795228051","https://openalex.org/W4243174017","https://openalex.org/W249152586","https://openalex.org/W4251631217","https://openalex.org/W2022216592"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"Much":[1],"of":[2,22,140,146,155,177,190,213,233,240],"the":[3,39,41,127,152,187,201,211,230],"recent":[4],"research":[5,226],"on":[6,15,38],"data\u2010driven":[7,168,202],"decision":[8,62,169,221],"making":[9,63,170,222],"in":[10,24,44,54,88,105,171,200,217],"US":[11,93],"schools":[12,25,172],"has":[13],"focused":[14],"standardized":[16,80,122],"test":[17,81,123],"scores":[18,82],"while":[19],"other":[20],"forms":[21],"data":[23,51,199],"have":[26,194],"gone":[27],"largely":[28],"unexamined":[29],"as":[30,34,50,109,116,126,165,173,197,223,225],"useful":[31,58,198],"data,":[32],"such":[33,108,115,125],"teacher\u2010assigned":[35,215],"grades.":[36],"Based":[37],"literature,":[40],"theory":[42],"outlined":[43],"this":[45],"paper":[46,68,206],"is":[47,101],"that":[48,160],"grades,":[49,78],"historically":[52],"overlooked":[53,196],"schools,":[55],"are":[56,83],"a":[57,147,174,182],"multidimensional":[59,76],"assessment":[60,139,145,176],"for":[61,85,167,210],"by":[64],"educational":[65],"leaders.":[66],"This":[67,205],"aims":[69],"to":[70,134,150,185],"address":[71],"these":[72,99],"issues.":[73],"Design/methodology/approach":[74],"Using":[75],"scaling,":[77],"and":[79,111,118,121,143,181,219,227],"compared":[84],"195":[86],"students":[87],"grades":[89,104,161,216,236],"9\u201012":[90],"from":[91],"two":[92],"school":[94,218],"districts.":[95],"The":[96],"relationship":[97],"between":[98,103],"assessments":[100],"visualized":[102],"core":[106],"subjects,":[107,114],"Mathematics":[110],"English,":[112],"non\u2010core":[113],"Art":[117],"Physical":[119],"Education,":[120],"scores,":[124],"ACT.":[128],"Findings":[129],"Two":[130],"significant":[131],"dimensions":[132],"appear":[133],"be":[135,163],"embedded":[136],"within":[137],"grades;":[138],"academic":[141,179],"knowledge":[142,180],"an":[144],"student's":[148,183],"ability":[149,184],"negotiate":[151,186],"social":[153,188],"processes":[154,189],"school.":[156,191],"These":[157],"findings":[158],"indicate":[159],"should":[162],"reconceptualized":[164],"informative":[166],"potential":[175],"both":[178],"Originality/value":[192],"Grades":[193],"been":[195],"decision\u2010making":[203],"literature.":[204],"provides":[207],"novel":[208],"evidence":[209],"usefulness":[212],"actual":[214],"district":[220],"well":[224],"policymaking":[228],"versus":[229],"past":[231],"use":[232],"student":[234],"self\u2010reported":[235],"or":[237],"teacher":[238],"perceptions":[239],"grading":[241],"practices.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}