{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2094048686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0795:lbisoa>2.0.co;2","title":"Lake Breezes in Southern Ontario and Their Relation to Tornado Climatology","display_name":"Lake Breezes in Southern Ontario and Their Relation to Tornado Climatology","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-09-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2094048686","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0795:lbisoa>2.0.co;2","mag":"2094048686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0795:lbisoa>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0795:lbisoa>2.0.co;2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0795:lbisoa>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/wefo/18/5/1520-0434_2003_018_0795_lbisoa_2_0_co_2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203100778","display_name":"Weather and Forecasting","issn_l":"0882-8156","issn":["0882-8156","1520-0434"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Weather and Forecasting","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/wefo/18/5/1520-0434_2003_018_0795_lbisoa_2_0_co_2.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028948516","display_name":"Patrick W. S. King","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342547582","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick W. S. King","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meteorological Service of Canada , 4905 Dufferin St. , Toronto , ON M3H 5T4 , Can- ada ","Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Service of Canada , 4905 Dufferin St. , Toronto , ON M3H 5T4 , Can- ada ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009857292","display_name":"Michael J. Leduc","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342547582","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael J. Leduc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065750553","display_name":"David M. L. Sills","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0508-6862","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0508-6862"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342547582","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. L. Sills","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111575671","display_name":"Norman R. Donaldson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5086-3693","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5086-3693"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342547582","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norman R. Donaldson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068181240","display_name":"David R. Hudak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3475-1481","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3475-1481"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342547582","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David R. Hudak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004436153","display_name":"Paul I. Joe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5452-0410","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5452-0410"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342547582","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Joe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030306508","display_name":"Brian Phillips Murphy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-5132","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-5132"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1342547582","display_name":"Environment and Climate Change Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/026ny0e17","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian P. Murphy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Meteorological Service of Canada , Toronto , Ontario , Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1342547582"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4738,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67652305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"795","last_page":"807"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-breeze","display_name":"lake breeze","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tornado-climatology","display_name":"tornado climatology","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/southern-ontario","display_name":"southern Ontario","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-huron","display_name":"Lake Huron","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lake-erie","display_name":"Lake Erie","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-fronts","display_name":"cold fronts","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-wind","display_name":"gradient wind","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-patterns","display_name":"cloud patterns","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synoptic-situation","display_name":"synoptic conditions","score":0.6510000228881836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190930322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8081","display_name":"Tornado","level":2,"score":0.9176272749900818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.6339097023010254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63974104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81242","display_name":"Sea breeze","level":2,"score":0.6224225759506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40382383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2399824","display_name":"Mesoscale meteorology","level":2,"score":0.613370418548584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.5246819853782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22891489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380770","display_name":"Fujita scale","level":2,"score":0.5169843435287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.48361364006996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16405173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192316","display_name":"Geostationary orbit","level":3,"score":0.45355942845344543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152382732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468756","display_name":"Shore","level":2,"score":0.44441431760787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.443544864654541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133204551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838305","display_name":"Weather Research and Forecasting Model","level":2,"score":0.4346330761909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187460315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q741507","display_name":"Severe weather","level":3,"score":0.415183424949646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144329363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2996377","display_name":"Convergence zone","level":2,"score":0.4118085503578186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.33807480335235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.2639179229736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19336369633674622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.15384641289710999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0795:lbisoa>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0795:lbisoa>2.0.co;2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0795:lbisoa>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/wefo/18/5/1520-0434_2003_018_0795_lbisoa_2_0_co_2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203100778","display_name":"Weather and Forecasting","issn_l":"0882-8156","issn":["0882-8156","1520-0434"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Weather and Forecasting","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.501.4625","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.501.4625","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.yorku.ca/pat/research/dsills/AMSKingetal2003.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0795:lbisoa>2.0.co;2","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0795:lbisoa>2.0.co;2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0795:lbisoa>2.0.co;2","pdf_url":"https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/journals/wefo/18/5/1520-0434_2003_018_0795_lbisoa_2_0_co_2.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203100778","display_name":"Weather and Forecasting","issn_l":"0882-8156","issn":["0882-8156","1520-0434"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320260","host_organization_name":"American Meteorological Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320260"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Meteorological Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Weather and Forecasting","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2094048686.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2094048686.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1641140809","https://openalex.org/W1670217936","https://openalex.org/W1966445569","https://openalex.org/W1976007373","https://openalex.org/W1979508304","https://openalex.org/W1995381922","https://openalex.org/W1997736566","https://openalex.org/W2000229895","https://openalex.org/W2002866966","https://openalex.org/W2006260534","https://openalex.org/W2016818694","https://openalex.org/W2017363975","https://openalex.org/W2030142471","https://openalex.org/W2046035304","https://openalex.org/W2051870023","https://openalex.org/W2054512791","https://openalex.org/W2054766924","https://openalex.org/W2065050479","https://openalex.org/W2087182085","https://openalex.org/W2093728373","https://openalex.org/W2108035283","https://openalex.org/W2172525993","https://openalex.org/W2175552890","https://openalex.org/W2888092890","https://openalex.org/W2988928769","https://openalex.org/W3208303956"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2175552890","https://openalex.org/W2032439045","https://openalex.org/W2054766924","https://openalex.org/W2054512791","https://openalex.org/W2143021804","https://openalex.org/W7046450739","https://openalex.org/W3201624558","https://openalex.org/W2095259128","https://openalex.org/W2165572628","https://openalex.org/W2988928769"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Geostationary":[0],"Operational":[1],"Environmental":[2],"Satellite":[3],"(GOES)":[4],"imagery":[5],"is":[6,33,90],"used":[7,153],"to":[8,30,50,101,136,139,157],"demonstrate":[9],"the":[10,25,31,37,62,88,93,97,123,149,161,164,175],"development":[11],"of":[12,24,39,53,87,125,148,160,166,203],"lake-breeze":[13,69,116,132,205],"boundaries":[14,133],"in":[15,35,75,92,104,112,122,163,179,187,189,201],"southern":[16,180],"Ontario":[17],"under":[18],"different":[19],"synoptic":[20],"conditions.":[21],"The":[22,85,119],"orientation":[23],"gradient":[26],"wind":[27],"with":[28,130,183],"respect":[29],"shorelines":[32],"important":[34],"determining":[36],"location":[38],"such":[40],"lines.":[41,118],"When":[42],"moderate":[43],"winds":[44,193],"(5\u201310":[45],"m":[46],"s\u22121)":[47],"are":[48,134,152,194],"parallel":[49],"straight":[51],"sections":[52],"coastlines,":[54],"cloud":[55,120],"lines":[56,70],"can":[57],"extend":[58],"well":[59],"inland.":[60],"In":[61,170],"region":[63],"between":[64],"Lakes":[65],"Huron":[66],"and":[67,79,83,110,186],"Erie":[68],"merge":[71],"frequently,":[72],"sometimes":[73],"resulting":[74],"long-lasting":[76],"stationary":[77],"storms":[78],"attendant":[80],"heavy":[81],"rain":[82],"flooding.":[84],"influence":[86],"lakes":[89,176],"apparent":[91],"tornado":[94,144,167,198],"climatology":[95],"for":[96],"region:":[98],"tornadoes":[99,178],"appear":[100],"be":[102,137],"suppressed":[103],"regions":[105,113],"visited":[106],"by":[107,115],"lake-modified":[108],"air":[109],"enhanced":[111],"favored":[114],"convergence":[117],"patterns":[121,165],"case":[124],"a":[126,142],"cold":[127],"front":[128],"interacting":[129],"merging":[131],"shown":[135],"similar":[138],"those":[140],"on":[141],"major":[143],"outbreak":[145],"day.":[146],"Two":[147],"cases":[150],"discussed":[151],"as":[154],"conceptual":[155],"models":[156],"explain":[158],"many":[159],"features":[162],"touchdown":[168],"locations.":[169],"general,":[171],"it":[172],"appears":[173],"that":[174],"suppress":[177],"Ontario,":[181],"compared":[182],"neighboring":[184],"states":[185],"particular":[188],"areas":[190,202],"where":[191],"southwest":[192],"onshore,":[195],"but":[196],"enhance":[197],"likelihood":[199],"locally":[200],"frequent":[204],"activity.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}