{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093922347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1996.tb00147.x","title":"The conflict between humans and elephants in the central African forests","display_name":"The conflict between humans and elephants in the central African forests","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093922347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1996.tb00147.x","mag":"2093922347"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1996.tb00147.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1996.tb00147.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1996.tb00147.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175935889","display_name":"Mammal Review","issn_l":"0305-1838","issn":["0305-1838","1365-2907"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mammal Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076481815","display_name":"R. F. W. Barnes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2721-4151","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2721-4151"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332460256","display_name":"Wildlife Conservation Society","ror":"https://ror.org/01xnsst08","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332460256"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. F. W. BARNES","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Wildlife Conservation Society and Department of Biology 0116, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Wildlife Conservation Society and Department of Biology 0116, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332460256","https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076481815"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332460256","https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":{"value":4100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4100},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6001,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86672697,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"2-3","first_page":"67","last_page":"80"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10199","display_name":"Wildlife Ecology and Conservation","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13388","display_name":"Rangeland and Wildlife Management","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-elephant-conflict","display_name":"human-elephant conflict","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-elephants","display_name":"forest elephants","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-raiding","display_name":"crop raiding","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ivory-trade","display_name":"ivory trade","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elephant-hunting","display_name":"elephant hunting","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use-planning","display_name":"land use planning","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-based-wildlife-management","display_name":"community-based wildlife management","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism","display_name":"tourism","score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-livelihoods","display_name":"rural livelihoods","score":0.6119999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-conservation","display_name":"forest conservation","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/central-african-forests","display_name":"Central African forests","score":0.4860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152613627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3050262","display_name":"Overexploitation","level":2,"score":0.7051262855529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779902986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649978","display_name":"Bushmeat","level":3,"score":0.6851629018783569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29376679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241741","display_name":"Wildlife","level":2,"score":0.6743735074996948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6402772068977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125620115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845249","display_name":"Logging","level":2,"score":0.5945041179656982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16678853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486972","display_name":"Human settlement","level":2,"score":0.5736597180366516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.499408483505249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777989319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597393","display_name":"Illegal logging","level":3,"score":0.49117133021354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20817334","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5936811","display_name":"Human\u2013wildlife conflict","level":3,"score":0.47237446904182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28631016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372561","display_name":"Forest management","level":2,"score":0.454015851020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.45224273204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.4467054307460785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166548495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580178","display_name":"Wildlife management","level":3,"score":0.44120272994041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.27738964557647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.2224200963973999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.21620944142341614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.09069353342056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.1996.tb00147.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1996.tb00147.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.1996.tb00147.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S175935889","display_name":"Mammal Review","issn_l":"0305-1838","issn":["0305-1838","1365-2907"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mammal Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":1.0,"display_name":"Life on land"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315735","display_name":"ZOLL Medical Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/036wkjd70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316928","display_name":"World Resources Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/047ktk903"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W169797489","https://openalex.org/W228642389","https://openalex.org/W281862763","https://openalex.org/W847537691","https://openalex.org/W1973560407","https://openalex.org/W1982450693","https://openalex.org/W1986772232","https://openalex.org/W1989449066","https://openalex.org/W1990326061","https://openalex.org/W1992916483","https://openalex.org/W2007278610","https://openalex.org/W2009078405","https://openalex.org/W2014344318","https://openalex.org/W2015391289","https://openalex.org/W2027927444","https://openalex.org/W2039521344","https://openalex.org/W2044080502","https://openalex.org/W2045001801","https://openalex.org/W2056966184","https://openalex.org/W2058160626","https://openalex.org/W2068170811","https://openalex.org/W2076306922","https://openalex.org/W2083202978","https://openalex.org/W2085806098","https://openalex.org/W2097023386","https://openalex.org/W2102278081","https://openalex.org/W2130144437","https://openalex.org/W2136331007","https://openalex.org/W2139644599","https://openalex.org/W2157575440","https://openalex.org/W2162316235","https://openalex.org/W2163773217","https://openalex.org/W2166390717","https://openalex.org/W2220958279","https://openalex.org/W2254238738","https://openalex.org/W2265001754","https://openalex.org/W2301188046","https://openalex.org/W2332480139","https://openalex.org/W2333021294","https://openalex.org/W2487704384","https://openalex.org/W2488797381","https://openalex.org/W2768446190","https://openalex.org/W2792888266","https://openalex.org/W2894719737","https://openalex.org/W2978224848","https://openalex.org/W4241259615","https://openalex.org/W4246426369","https://openalex.org/W4254873150","https://openalex.org/W4301280403","https://openalex.org/W4404076138"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2566092274","https://openalex.org/W2156206264","https://openalex.org/W2093117759","https://openalex.org/W2257824987","https://openalex.org/W7168327616","https://openalex.org/W4255299299","https://openalex.org/W4404075965","https://openalex.org/W7143921730","https://openalex.org/W7113214218","https://openalex.org/W3007677106"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Elephants":[1,36,77,155],"and":[2,33,58,84,124,147],"humans":[3],"each":[4,75],"suffer":[5],"from":[6],"the":[7,10,15,47,52,62,66,81,90,114,117,125,128,151,165,185,191,201,209,214,217,226,236,255],"presence":[8,181],"of":[9,92,153,184,204,208,211,216,250,257],"other":[11],"when":[12],"they":[13,119,171],"occupy":[14],"same":[16],"forests.":[17],"Farmers":[18],"risk":[19],"losing":[20],"their":[21,102,162,180],"crops":[22],"to":[23,101,107,127,143,149,190],"elephants,":[24],"while":[25],"elephants":[26,105,206],"are":[27,78,106,242],"displaced":[28],"by":[29,110],"settlements,":[30],"agriculture,":[31],"roads":[32],"development":[34],"projects.":[35],"have":[37,200],"also":[38],"been":[39],"hunted":[40],"for":[41,174,222],"ivory.":[42],"The":[43],"ivory":[44],"trade":[45],"in":[46,51,61,80,94,113,164,213],"equatorial":[48,115],"forests":[49],"expanded":[50],"nineteenth":[53],"century":[54,64],"as":[55,65,159],"Europe":[56],"prospered,":[57],"then":[59],"again":[60],"twentieth":[63],"Far":[67],"East":[68],"prospered.":[69],"Forest":[70],"elephant":[71],"numbers":[72],"were":[73,168,172],"depleted":[74],"time.":[76],"unpopular":[79],"forest":[82,166,192,218],"zone,":[83],"increasing":[85],"human":[86],"populations":[87],"combined":[88],"with":[89,254],"spread":[91],"democracy":[93],"central":[95],"Africa":[96],"pose":[97],"a":[98],"major":[99],"threat":[100],"future.":[103],"If":[104],"be":[108,122,132,157],"tolerated":[109],"villagers":[111],"living":[112],"forests,":[116],"costs":[118],"impose":[120],"must":[121,131],"reduced":[123],"benefits":[126],"rural":[129],"populace":[130],"increased.":[133],"A":[134],"three\u2010pronged":[135],"strategy":[136],"is":[137],"suggested,":[138],"involving":[139],"land\u2010use":[140],"planning,":[141],"measures":[142],"mitigate":[144],"crop":[145],"damage,":[146],"programmes":[148],"enhance":[150],"value":[152],"elephants.":[154],"could":[156,238],"viewed":[158],"assets":[160],"if":[161,170,179],"importance":[163,210],"ecosystem":[167],"recognized,":[169],"domesticated":[173],"logging":[175],"or":[176,178],"transport,":[177],"was":[182],"one":[183,248],"factors":[186],"which":[187],"attracted":[188],"tourists":[189],"zone.":[193],"However,":[194],"management":[195,251],"strategies":[196],"based":[197],"on":[198],"hunting":[199,212,221],"best":[202],"chance":[203],"conserving":[205],"because":[207,247],"culture":[215],"people.":[219],"Sport":[220],"trophies":[223],"may":[224,252],"bring":[225],"greatest":[227],"revenues.":[228],"Community":[229],"wildlife\u2010management":[230],"programmes,":[231],"where":[232],"village":[233],"councils":[234],"make":[235],"decisions,":[237],"prevent":[239],"overexploitation.":[240],"There":[241],"no":[243],"simple":[244],"answers,":[245],"however,":[246],"form":[249],"conflict":[253],"goals":[256],"another.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
