{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093846593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/449274","title":"Multiple Homicide: Patterns of Serial and Mass Murder","display_name":"Multiple Homicide: Patterns of Serial and Mass Murder","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093846593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/449274","mag":"2093846593"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/449274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/449274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/449274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191292005","display_name":"Crime and Justice","issn_l":"0192-3234","issn":["0192-3234","2153-0416"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Crime and Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002469183","display_name":"James Alan Fox","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7406-7895","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7406-7895"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Alan Fox","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054012753","display_name":"Jack Levin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0965-0790","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0965-0790"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Levin","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5602,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":200,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8917248,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"407","last_page":"455"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10565","display_name":"Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending","score":0.5313000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10565","display_name":"Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending","score":0.5313000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13605","display_name":"Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse","score":0.399399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.042899999767541885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serial-murder","display_name":"serial murder","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-killings","display_name":"mass murder","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-homicide","display_name":"multiple homicide","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serial-killers","display_name":"serial killers","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-murderers","display_name":"mass murderers","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offender-motivation","display_name":"criminal motivation","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociopathy","display_name":"sociopathy","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpersonal-violence","display_name":"interpersonal violence","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victim-selection","display_name":"victim selection","score":0.3970000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C525541732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149086","display_name":"Homicide","level":4,"score":0.8608324527740479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.519263505935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5170441269874573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75795011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q917904","display_name":"Typology","level":2,"score":0.4860961437225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.386135071516037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.37246039509773254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.3363979160785675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2616381347179413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13618603348731995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/449274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/449274","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/449274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191292005","display_name":"Crime and Justice","issn_l":"0192-3234","issn":["0192-3234","2153-0416"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Crime and Justice","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29905494","https://openalex.org/W39395218","https://openalex.org/W49008277","https://openalex.org/W92319303","https://openalex.org/W325314414","https://openalex.org/W561142957","https://openalex.org/W563211645","https://openalex.org/W616222231","https://openalex.org/W631909012","https://openalex.org/W637894494","https://openalex.org/W646435383","https://openalex.org/W652764283","https://openalex.org/W1492507332","https://openalex.org/W1567363065","https://openalex.org/W1681462928","https://openalex.org/W1733782613","https://openalex.org/W1966821159","https://openalex.org/W1974233751","https://openalex.org/W1980287708","https://openalex.org/W1983752985","https://openalex.org/W1983892037","https://openalex.org/W1997802305","https://openalex.org/W2034322436","https://openalex.org/W2038678576","https://openalex.org/W2055345477","https://openalex.org/W2066268952","https://openalex.org/W2069015912","https://openalex.org/W2071200262","https://openalex.org/W2094991825","https://openalex.org/W2101634497","https://openalex.org/W2112424964","https://openalex.org/W2121055408","https://openalex.org/W2159011576","https://openalex.org/W2165156036","https://openalex.org/W2202283755","https://openalex.org/W2329664987","https://openalex.org/W2335677638","https://openalex.org/W2578534704","https://openalex.org/W2798693253","https://openalex.org/W2912007653","https://openalex.org/W3000577279","https://openalex.org/W3080366184","https://openalex.org/W3208865216","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W178543391","https://openalex.org/W4285071491","https://openalex.org/W1605860400","https://openalex.org/W2887297526","https://openalex.org/W4200328045","https://openalex.org/W2006770709","https://openalex.org/W4362562606","https://openalex.org/W4285359584","https://openalex.org/W3120742415","https://openalex.org/W7028511714"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"the":[1,4,16,23,89,92,110,117,140,186,200],"past":[2],"decade":[3],"topic":[5],"of":[6,18,37,119,176,191,210],"multiple":[7,192],"homicide-serial":[8],"and":[9,45,103,147,179,189],"mass":[10,93,125],"murder-has":[11],"attracted":[12],"increased":[13],"attention":[14],"in":[15,26,56,109,132,153,199],"field":[17],"criminology.":[19],"Though":[20],"far":[21],"from":[22,124],"epidemic":[24],"suggested":[25],"media":[27],"reports,":[28],"it":[29],"is":[30,51,156],"alarming":[31],"nonetheless":[32],"that":[33,121],"a":[34,53,114],"small":[35],"number":[36],"offenders":[38],"account":[39],"for":[40],"so":[41],"much":[42],"human":[43],"destruction":[44],"widespread":[46],"fear.":[47],"The":[48,149],"serial":[49,90,123],"killer":[50],"typically":[52],"white":[54],"male":[55],"his":[57,67,107],"late":[58],"twenties":[59],"or":[60,69],"thirties":[61],"who":[62,77],"targets":[63],"strangers":[64],"encountered":[65],"near":[66],"work":[68],"home.":[70],"These":[71],"killers":[72],"tend":[73],"to":[74,88],"be":[75,137],"sociopaths":[76],"satisfy":[78],"personal":[79],"needs":[80],"by":[81],"killing":[82],"with":[83],"physical":[84],"force.":[85],"Demographically":[86],"similar":[87],"killer,":[91],"murderer":[94],"generally":[95],"kills":[96],"people":[97],"he":[98],"knows":[99],"well,":[100],"acting":[101],"deliberately":[102],"methodically.":[104],"He":[105],"executes":[106],"victims":[108],"most":[111],"expedient":[112],"way-with":[113],"firearm.":[115],"Importantly,":[116],"difference":[118],"timing":[120],"distinguishes":[122],"murder":[126,198],"may":[127,202],"also":[128,203],"obscure":[129],"strong":[130],"similarities":[131],"their":[133],"motivation.":[134],"Both":[135],"can":[136],"understood":[138],"within":[139],"same":[141],"motivational":[142],"typology-power,":[143],"revenge,":[144],"loyalty,":[145],"profit,":[146],"terror.":[148],"research":[150,195],"literature,":[151],"still":[152],"its":[154],"infancy,":[155],"more":[157,207],"speculative":[158],"than":[159,167],"definitive,":[160],"based":[161],"primarily":[162],"on":[163,197],"anecdotal":[164],"evidence":[165],"rather":[166],"hard":[168],"data.":[169],"Future":[170],"studies":[171],"should":[172],"make":[173],"greater":[174],"use":[175],"comparison":[177],"groups":[178],"seek":[180],"life-cycle":[181],"explanations-beyond":[182],"early":[183],"childhood-which":[184],"recognize":[185],"unique":[187],"patterns":[188],"characteristics":[190],"murderers.":[193],"A":[194],"focus":[196],"extreme":[201],"help":[204],"us":[205],"understand":[206],"commonplace":[208],"forms":[209],"interpersonal":[211],"violence.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
