{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093489508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb06678.x","title":"Leucine Modulates Peptide Transport System-1 Across the Blood-brain Barrier at a Stereospecific Site within the Central Nervous System","display_name":"Leucine Modulates Peptide Transport System-1 Across the Blood-brain Barrier at a Stereospecific Site within the Central Nervous System","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093489508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb06678.x","mag":"2093489508","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1676737"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb06678.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb06678.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb06678.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118304455","display_name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","issn_l":"0022-3573","issn":["0022-3573","2042-7158"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054959155","display_name":"William A. Banks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3619","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0496-3619"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114832834","display_name":"Tulane University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vmvtb21","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114832834"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William A Banks","raw_affiliation_strings":["Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114832834"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032152107","display_name":"Abba J. Kastin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114832834","display_name":"Tulane University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vmvtb21","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114832834"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abba J Kastin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA,","Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans, LA,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114832834"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114832834"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054959155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114832834"],"apc_list":{"value":2911,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3839},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0932,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78098537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"4","first_page":"252","last_page":"254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11872","display_name":"Barrier Structure and Function Studies","score":0.8036999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11872","display_name":"Barrier Structure and Function Studies","score":0.8036999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12770","display_name":"Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism","score":0.11959999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1303","display_name":"Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10570","display_name":"Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms","score":0.04280000180006027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leucine","display_name":"leucine","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/d-leucine","display_name":"D-leucine","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-brain-barrier","display_name":"blood-brain barrier","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stereospecificity","display_name":"stereospecificity","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allosteric-regulation","display_name":"allosteric regulation","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enkephalin","display_name":"enkephalin","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/d-amino-acids","display_name":"D-amino acids","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intracerebroventricular-injection","display_name":"intracerebroventricular administration","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dose-response-relationship","display_name":"dose-response relationship","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurotoxicity","display_name":"neurotoxicity","score":0.7940000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776580952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483745","display_name":"Leucine","level":3,"score":0.8565044403076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166342909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845326","display_name":"Allosteric regulation","level":3,"score":0.6657614707946777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529278444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47273","display_name":"Central nervous system","level":2,"score":0.6251248121261597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778402981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221694","display_name":"Blood\u2013brain barrier","level":3,"score":0.5943431854248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187921627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2469470","display_name":"Stereospecificity","level":3,"score":0.5830132365226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779281246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172847","display_name":"Peptide","level":2,"score":0.5644271969795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.5120232701301575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.4583974778652191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776473159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069121","display_name":"Fourth ventricle","level":2,"score":0.41521650552749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.402618944644928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71240020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011","display_name":"Stereochemistry","level":1,"score":0.3820430636405945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.3615630865097046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12554922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100","display_name":"Biophysics","level":1,"score":0.3257100582122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.29728782176971436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2970302700996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.16934722661972046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.14314252138137817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001812","descriptor_name":"Blood-Brain Barrier","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002490","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002490","descriptor_name":"Central Nervous System","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007275","descriptor_name":"Injections, Intravenous","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007276","descriptor_name":"Injections, Intraventricular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007457","descriptor_name":"Iodine Radioisotopes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007930","descriptor_name":"Leucine","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008813","descriptor_name":"Mice, Inbred ICR","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009075","descriptor_name":"MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone","qualifier_ui":"Q000031","qualifier_name":"analogs & derivatives","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009075","descriptor_name":"MSH Release-Inhibiting Hormone","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010455","descriptor_name":"Peptides","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013237","descriptor_name":"Stereoisomerism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb06678.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb06678.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb06678.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118304455","display_name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","issn_l":"0022-3573","issn":["0022-3573","2042-7158"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:1676737","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1676737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306127","display_name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs","ror":"https://ror.org/05rsv9s98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1126274060","https://openalex.org/W1726711770","https://openalex.org/W1799890456","https://openalex.org/W1886398699","https://openalex.org/W1953493409","https://openalex.org/W1984959935","https://openalex.org/W2000342337","https://openalex.org/W2002517903","https://openalex.org/W2003117759","https://openalex.org/W2038070856","https://openalex.org/W2071634384","https://openalex.org/W2079879299","https://openalex.org/W2103462814","https://openalex.org/W2114724910","https://openalex.org/W2298924071","https://openalex.org/W2324040239","https://openalex.org/W2408892449","https://openalex.org/W2411976402","https://openalex.org/W6638255959"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1799890456","https://openalex.org/W2048748471","https://openalex.org/W1986431519","https://openalex.org/W2073877913","https://openalex.org/W2068144717","https://openalex.org/W2043458888","https://openalex.org/W2412818906","https://openalex.org/W2016551806","https://openalex.org/W2029847294","https://openalex.org/W2017216675"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"results":[1],"have":[2],"shown":[3,148],"that":[4,25,106,122,163],"leucine":[5,145,170],"injected":[6],"into":[7,153],"a":[8,136],"cerebral":[9],"ventricle":[10],"(i.c.v.)":[11],"can":[12,183],"act":[13],"as":[14],"an":[15],"allosteric":[16,89],"regulator":[17],"of":[18,33,82,87,115,139,144,165,169],"peptide":[19],"transport":[20],"system-1":[21],"(PTS-1),":[22],"the":[23,30,34,46,88,107,112,116,142,154,160,166,188],"system":[24,37],"transports":[26],"Tyr-Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2":[27],"(Tyr-MIF-1)":[28],"and":[29,60,92,176],"enkephalins":[31],"out":[32],"central":[35],"nervous":[36],"(CNS).":[38],"D-Leucine":[39],"appeared":[40],"more":[41,75,96],"potent":[42,76,97,126],"than":[43,77,101,127],"L-leucine.":[44],"In":[45],"current":[47],"study,":[48],"dose-response":[49],"curves":[50],"were":[51,94],"constructed":[52],"for":[53],"each":[54],"compound":[55],"after":[56,67],"both":[57],"intravenous":[58],"(i.v.)":[59],"i.c.v.":[61,68,100],"injection.":[62],"Based":[63],"on":[64,111,187],"ED50":[65],"values":[66],"injection,":[69],"D-leucine":[70,123],"was":[71,124],"about":[72],"200":[73],"times":[74],"L-leucine":[78,128],"in":[79],"its":[80],"inhibition":[81],"PTS-1,":[83],"thereby":[84],"confirming":[85],"stereospecificity":[86],"site.":[90],"D-":[91],"L-Leucine":[93],"also":[95,133],"when":[98,102,129],"given":[99,103,130],"i.v.,":[104],"suggesting":[105],"site":[108,138],"is":[109,132],"located":[110],"CNS":[113,137],"side":[114],"blood-brain":[117],"barrier":[118],"(BBB).":[119],"The":[120],"finding":[121],"less":[125],"i.v.":[131],"consistent":[134],"with":[135,159],"action":[140],"because":[141],"L-isomer":[143],"has":[146],"been":[147],"to":[149],"be":[150,172],"preferentially":[151],"transported":[152],"brain.":[155],"These":[156],"findings":[157],"agree":[158],"previous":[161],"suggestion":[162],"some":[164],"neurotoxic":[167],"effects":[168,186],"may":[171],"mediated":[173],"through":[174],"PTS-1":[175],"could":[177],"help":[178],"explain":[179],"how":[180],"D-amino":[181],"acids":[182],"exert":[184],"opiate-related":[185],"CNS.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
