{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093313792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2649976","title":"Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century","display_name":"Freedom and Religion in the Nineteenth Century","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093313792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2649976","mag":"2093313792"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2649976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2649976","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2649976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197437610","display_name":"The American Historical Review","issn_l":"0002-8762","issn":["0002-8762","1937-5239"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Historical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000926720","display_name":"Richard Carwardine","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard J. Carwardine","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082329675","display_name":"Richard J. Helmstadter","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Helmstadter","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4620,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4620},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.3296,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99271348,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"103","issue":"5","first_page":"1557","last_page":"1557"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13336","display_name":"Religious Freedom and Discrimination","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13336","display_name":"Religious Freedom and Discrimination","score":0.9115999937057495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11507","display_name":"Religion and Society Interactions","score":0.05909999832510948,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13445","display_name":"American Constitutional Law and Politics","score":0.010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religious-freedom","display_name":"religious freedom","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century","display_name":"19th century","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-america","display_name":"early America","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victorian-britain","display_name":"Victorian Britain","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jewish-emancipation","display_name":"Jewish emancipation","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kulturkampf","display_name":"Kulturkampf","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/catholic-church","display_name":"Catholic Church","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/establishment-of-religion","display_name":"religious establishment","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/france","display_name":"France","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clericalism","display_name":"clericalism","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chile","display_name":"Chile","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperial-power","display_name":"imperial authority","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/religion-and-politics","display_name":"religion and politics","score":0.47699999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992527311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171899","display_name":"Religious freedom","level":3,"score":0.7747595310211182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5928493738174438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24667770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34187","display_name":"Religious studies","level":1,"score":0.5844435095787048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5086629986763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7991579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17955","display_name":"Criticism","level":2,"score":0.4914931058883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.43422698974609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.3945428729057312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2740934491157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.26973024010658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.1826067864894867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2649976","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2649976","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2649976","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S197437610","display_name":"The American Historical Review","issn_l":"0002-8762","issn":["0002-8762","1937-5239"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Historical Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8399999737739563}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245374266","https://openalex.org/W2045058380","https://openalex.org/W156810355","https://openalex.org/W626170232","https://openalex.org/W3006600378","https://openalex.org/W571946164","https://openalex.org/W7029618881","https://openalex.org/W4206668818","https://openalex.org/W1528410673","https://openalex.org/W2625176760"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Acknowledgments":[0],"Introduction":[1],"Richard":[2],"Helmstadter":[3],"1.":[4],"The":[5,35,50,64],"Whirlwind":[6],"of":[7,37,52,57,72],"religious":[8,19,38,58,93,96,108,111],"liberty":[9,97,112],"in":[10,43,74,86,98,113,127,137],"Early":[11],"America":[12],"Nathan":[13],"O.":[14],"Hatch":[15],"2.":[16],"Science":[17],"and":[18,41,54,67,82,95,110,125,134],"freedom":[20,26,59],"Frank":[21],"M.":[22],"Turner":[23],"3.":[24],"Which":[25],"for":[27],"early":[28],"Victorian":[29],"Britain?":[30],"J.":[31],"P.":[32],"Ellens":[33],"4.":[34],"limits":[36,56],"liberty:":[39],"theology":[40],"criticism":[42],"nineteenth-century":[44,87,138],"England":[45],"R.":[46,78],"K.":[47],"Webb":[48],"5.":[49],"Jews":[51],"Europe":[53,88],"the":[55,70,83],"David":[60],"C.":[61,103,118],"Itzkowitz":[62],"6.":[63],"Kulturkampf:":[65],"restrictions":[66],"controls":[68],"on":[69],"practice":[71],"religion":[73],"Bismarck's":[75],"Germany":[76],"Ronald":[77],"Ross":[79],"7.":[80],"Liberty":[81],"Catholic":[84],"Church":[85],"Raymond":[89],"Grew":[90],"8.":[91],"Changing":[92,107],"establishments":[94,109],"France,":[99,114],"Part":[100,115],"I:":[101],"787-1879":[102],"T.":[104,119],"McIntire":[105,120],"9.":[106],"II:":[116],"1879-1908":[117],"10.":[121],"Religious":[122],"freedom,":[123],"clericalism,":[124],"anticleericalism":[126],"Chile,":[128],"1820-1920":[129],"Simon":[130],"Collier":[131],"11.":[132],"Religion":[133],"imperial":[135],"power":[136],"Britain":[139],"Jeffrey":[140],"Cox":[141],"Abbreviations":[142],"Notes":[143],"Index.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
