{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093205346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01255","title":"The language of genes","display_name":"The language of genes","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093205346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01255","mag":"2093205346","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12432405"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1038/nature01255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010900550","display_name":"David B. Searls","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7840-8274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7840-8274"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114143","display_name":"GlaxoSmithKline (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/025vn3989","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188950975","https://openalex.org/I4210114143"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David B. Searls","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioinformatics Division, Genetics Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA. david_b_searle@gsk.com","Bioinformatics Division, Genetics Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioinformatics Division, Genetics Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA. david_b_searle@gsk.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioinformatics Division, Genetics Research, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114143"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010900550"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114143"],"apc_list":{"value":12690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":12690},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8059,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":386,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62691131,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"420","issue":"6912","first_page":"211","last_page":"217"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10015","display_name":"Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies","score":0.6592000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10015","display_name":"Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies","score":0.6592000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12946","display_name":"Fractal and DNA sequence analysis","score":0.19619999825954437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.043699998408555984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics","display_name":"bioinformatics","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-genome-sequence","display_name":"human genome sequence","score":0.6259999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141231307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genome","level":3,"score":0.5016963481903076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197077220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720988","display_name":"Human genome","level":4,"score":0.46821096539497375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.4664815068244934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4385642409324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4301583468914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4092669188976288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3452335596084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3395830988883972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.30533331632614136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.22713297605514526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.22122696042060852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.14334863424301147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11085876822471619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005796","descriptor_name":"Genes","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008037","descriptor_name":"Linguistics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008957","descriptor_name":"Models, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008967","descriptor_name":"Molecular Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008967","descriptor_name":"Molecular Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009696","descriptor_name":"Nucleic Acids","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009696","descriptor_name":"Nucleic Acids","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009696","descriptor_name":"Nucleic Acids","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011506","descriptor_name":"Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011506","descriptor_name":"Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011506","descriptor_name":"Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014825","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016678","descriptor_name":"Genome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017434","descriptor_name":"Protein Structure, Tertiary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019143","descriptor_name":"Evolution, Molecular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019295","descriptor_name":"Computational Biology","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1038/nature01255","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137773608","display_name":"Nature","issn_l":"0028-0836","issn":["0028-0836","1476-4687"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319908","host_organization_name":"Nature Portfolio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319908","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Nature Portfolio","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12432405","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12432405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nature","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nat:nature:v:420:y:2002:i:6912:d:10.1038_nature01255","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312060","display_name":"Francis Crick Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04tnbqb63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W182831726","https://openalex.org/W263614502","https://openalex.org/W421997344","https://openalex.org/W572949355","https://openalex.org/W1493036841","https://openalex.org/W1493923506","https://openalex.org/W1498183065","https://openalex.org/W1508382620","https://openalex.org/W1519987066","https://openalex.org/W1523895109","https://openalex.org/W1530935746","https://openalex.org/W1535451592","https://openalex.org/W1541931954","https://openalex.org/W1608182085","https://openalex.org/W1666289648","https://openalex.org/W1822105579","https://openalex.org/W1940278502","https://openalex.org/W1974686816","https://openalex.org/W1975482179","https://openalex.org/W1977046142","https://openalex.org/W1977922844","https://openalex.org/W1977940795","https://openalex.org/W1980638009","https://openalex.org/W1982228897","https://openalex.org/W1983115121","https://openalex.org/W1987502048","https://openalex.org/W1988864819","https://openalex.org/W1991864975","https://openalex.org/W2002089154","https://openalex.org/W2003060902","https://openalex.org/W2003938648","https://openalex.org/W2004975621","https://openalex.org/W2007498739","https://openalex.org/W2009570821","https://openalex.org/W2021216662","https://openalex.org/W2023206235","https://openalex.org/W2028025919","https://openalex.org/W2035797579","https://openalex.org/W2039775516","https://openalex.org/W2040075948","https://openalex.org/W2041637842","https://openalex.org/W2042773270","https://openalex.org/W2045895660","https://openalex.org/W2053967177","https://openalex.org/W2057592151","https://openalex.org/W2057885377","https://openalex.org/W2058106806","https://openalex.org/W2058302256","https://openalex.org/W2068634946","https://openalex.org/W2074069606","https://openalex.org/W2075286485","https://openalex.org/W2076756368","https://openalex.org/W2078206416","https://openalex.org/W2079656678","https://openalex.org/W2085726934","https://openalex.org/W2086509077","https://openalex.org/W2090388864","https://openalex.org/W2094773869","https://openalex.org/W2103717646","https://openalex.org/W2109715166","https://openalex.org/W2112493377","https://openalex.org/W2114737218","https://openalex.org/W2114999652","https://openalex.org/W2133743912","https://openalex.org/W2133790733","https://openalex.org/W2138531167","https://openalex.org/W2139593428","https://openalex.org/W2143276497","https://openalex.org/W2144231753","https://openalex.org/W2144885342","https://openalex.org/W2146871823","https://openalex.org/W2149429041","https://openalex.org/W2150928856","https://openalex.org/W2161883093","https://openalex.org/W2163191830","https://openalex.org/W2164548001","https://openalex.org/W2164586203","https://openalex.org/W2166187656","https://openalex.org/W2166480651","https://openalex.org/W2245993458","https://openalex.org/W2313218993","https://openalex.org/W2398951942","https://openalex.org/W2571663455","https://openalex.org/W2609839218","https://openalex.org/W2624262714","https://openalex.org/W2767354874","https://openalex.org/W2921811239","https://openalex.org/W2997317337","https://openalex.org/W2997757304","https://openalex.org/W4229781645","https://openalex.org/W4230323171","https://openalex.org/W4245668478","https://openalex.org/W4247220033","https://openalex.org/W4252706339","https://openalex.org/W4302339081","https://openalex.org/W7100040210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2123010948","https://openalex.org/W1977046142","https://openalex.org/W7100459851","https://openalex.org/W2062142010","https://openalex.org/W3047097541","https://openalex.org/W2240183485","https://openalex.org/W2042274787","https://openalex.org/W2113489440","https://openalex.org/W1539973898","https://openalex.org/W2084416673"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
