{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2093162113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2005)131:8(575)","title":"Exploring Trampling and Crushing in a Crowd","display_name":"Exploring Trampling and Crushing in a Crowd","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-07-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2093162113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2005)131:8(575)","mag":"2093162113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2005)131:8(575)","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2005)131:8(575)","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2005)131:8(575)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194109","display_name":"Journal of Transportation Engineering","issn_l":"0733-947X","issn":["0733-947X","1943-5436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Transportation Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014990861","display_name":"Ris S.C. Lee","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ris S. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["A/Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia","PhD candidate, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"A/Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD candidate, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111906023","display_name":"Roger L. Hughes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger L. Hughes","raw_affiliation_strings":["A/Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia","PhD candidate, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"A/Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PhD candidate, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.1023,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98362033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"131","issue":"8","first_page":"575","last_page":"582"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowd-accidents","display_name":"crowd accidents","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trampling","display_name":"trampling","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crushing","display_name":"crushing","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-safety","display_name":"pedestrian safety","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowd-density","display_name":"crowd density","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accident-probability","display_name":"accident probability","score":0.597000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779673426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738848","display_name":"Trampling","level":3,"score":0.9683142900466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.8063914775848389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149333683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5189188","display_name":"Crowding","level":2,"score":0.46960458159446716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45617602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465266","display_name":"Crowd simulation","level":3,"score":0.45393311977386475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77595967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3151013","display_name":"Forensic engineering","level":1,"score":0.36890068650245667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33703646063804626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3131709098815918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2871263325214386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26634106040000916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2400374412536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22064617276191711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.12940692901611328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10129857063293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3239189","display_name":"Grazing","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2005)131:8(575)","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2005)131:8(575)","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-947x(2005)131:8(575)","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210194109","display_name":"Journal of Transportation Engineering","issn_l":"0733-947X","issn":["0733-947X","1943-5436"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315747","host_organization_name":"American Society of Civil Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315747"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Civil Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Transportation Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7646999955177307}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16548326","https://openalex.org/W571284440","https://openalex.org/W627002646","https://openalex.org/W1505088365","https://openalex.org/W2004641823","https://openalex.org/W2032137277","https://openalex.org/W2044967239","https://openalex.org/W2073104694","https://openalex.org/W2115906309","https://openalex.org/W2203060172","https://openalex.org/W4248951792"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2361431918","https://openalex.org/W2363604275","https://openalex.org/W4381952886","https://openalex.org/W4284961987","https://openalex.org/W2042988287","https://openalex.org/W1964719110","https://openalex.org/W2902721831","https://openalex.org/W4243152276","https://openalex.org/W7166154585","https://openalex.org/W1881936805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Using":[0],"published":[1],"field":[2],"data":[3],"on":[4],"accidents":[5,151],"in":[6,98,121,135,143,158],"crowds":[7],"involving":[8,42,152],"either":[9],"the":[10,54,67,78,85,99,131,166,169],"trampling":[11,111,117],"or":[12],"crushing":[13,88],"of":[14,56,69,80,87,101,105,128,146,150,155,168],"pedestrians,":[15,156],"a":[16,27,70,81,90,108,122,138],"theory":[17],"has":[18],"been":[19],"developed":[20],"to":[21,65,162],"model":[22],"similar":[23],"dangerous":[24,142],"situations.":[25],"Whether":[26],"particular":[28,139],"situation":[29],"is":[30,32,58,133,141],"fatal":[31,71],"statistical,":[33],"but":[34,116],"general":[35],"rules":[36],"may":[37],"be":[38,163],"established.":[39],"In":[40,107],"cases":[41],"trampling,":[43],"which":[44],"occurs":[45],"when":[46],"pedestrians":[47,57,129],"are":[48,96],"moving,":[49],"it":[50],"was":[51],"found":[52],"that":[53,63],"density":[55,79,140],"an":[59],"important":[60,134],"isotropic":[61],"quantity":[62],"appears":[64],"determine":[66],"probability":[68,86],"accident.":[72],"Previous":[73],"studies":[74],"have":[75],"also":[76],"identified":[77],"crowd":[82,132],"as":[83],"determining":[84,136],"within":[89,130],"stationary":[91],"crowd,":[92,110],"although":[93],"different":[94,153,159],"densities":[95],"involved":[97],"initiation":[100],"these":[102],"two":[103],"types":[104,145],"accidents.":[106,147],"moving":[109],"will":[112],"occur":[113,120],"before":[114],"crushing,":[115],"does":[118],"not":[119],"static":[123],"crowd.":[124],"The":[125],"cross-sectional":[126],"size":[127],"whether":[137],"both":[144],"Consequently,":[148],"comparisons":[149],"groups":[154],"possibly":[157],"countries,":[160],"need":[161],"standardized":[164],"for":[165],"characteristics":[167],"group.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}