{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2092458366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/150250","title":"Group Velocity of Spiral Waves in Galactic Disks","display_name":"Group Velocity of Spiral Waves in Galactic Disks","publication_year":1969,"publication_date":"1969-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2092458366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/150250","mag":"2092458366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/150250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/150250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/150250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2092458366"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054100127","display_name":"Alar Toomre","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alar Toomre","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054100127"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5482,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":284,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97440973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"158","issue":null,"first_page":"899","last_page":"899"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.8871999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.8871999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10039","display_name":"Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies","score":0.07450000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10477","display_name":"Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies","score":0.012299999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiral-waves","display_name":"spiral waves","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/density-waves","display_name":"density waves","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group-velocity","display_name":"group velocity","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galactic-disk","display_name":"Galactic disk","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disk-galaxies","display_name":"disk galaxies","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiral-structure","display_name":"spiral structure","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wave-packet-dynamics","display_name":"wave packet dynamics","score":0.7639999985694885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8874849081039429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174128100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846907","display_name":"Spiral (railway)","level":2,"score":0.764865517616272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63585750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488","display_name":"Spiral galaxy","level":3,"score":0.7099002003669739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.6347774863243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.5986713171005249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205561991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209551","display_name":"Density wave theory","level":2,"score":0.5303353071212769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.46246498823165894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.4132648706436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43481613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46587","display_name":"Active galactic nucleus","level":3,"score":0.4100561738014221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.15263736248016357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/150250","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/150250","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/150250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2083888201","https://openalex.org/W1622601182","https://openalex.org/W1641060451","https://openalex.org/W2091263553","https://openalex.org/W1964765897","https://openalex.org/W2052450198","https://openalex.org/W1966486249","https://openalex.org/W3169278414","https://openalex.org/W2509166945","https://openalex.org/W1631328881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Studied":[0],"here":[1],"are":[2,96],"density":[3],"waves":[4,28,70],"of":[5,17,26,74,93],"the":[6,14,57,72],"kind":[7],"proposed":[8],"especially":[9],"by":[10],"Lin":[11],"to":[12,43,88],"explain":[13],"spiral":[15,69],"structures":[16],"disk":[18,73],"galaxies.":[19],"It":[20],"is":[21,41,60,87],"shown":[22],"that":[23,40,56,66],"any":[24,67],"packet":[25],"such":[27,94],"propagates":[29],"radially":[30],"(and":[31],"toward":[32],"increasingly":[33],"short":[34],"wavelengths)":[35],"with":[36],"a":[37,47,75,85],"group":[38],"velocity":[39],"sufficient":[42],"obliterate":[44],"it":[45,63],"within":[46],"few":[48],"galactic":[49],"revolutions":[50],"This":[51],"does":[52,64],"not":[53],"necessarily":[54],"mean":[55],"density-wave":[58],"hypothesis":[59],"wrong.":[61],"But":[62],"imply":[65],"existing":[68],"in":[71,99],"galaxy":[76],"must":[77],"somehow":[78],"be":[79],"replenished":[80],"if":[81],"their":[82],"pattern":[83],"as":[84],"whole":[86],"persist.":[89],"Three":[90],"conceivable":[91],"sources":[92],"replenishment":[95],"also":[97],"discussed":[98],"this":[100],"paper":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
