{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2092409355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00207.x","title":"Black Women and White Women: Do Perceptions of Childhood Family Environment Differ?","display_name":"Black Women and White Women: Do Perceptions of Childhood Family Environment Differ?","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2092409355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00207.x","mag":"2092409355","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17593888"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00207.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00207.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00207.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167491010","display_name":"Family Process","issn_l":"0014-7370","issn":["0014-7370","1545-5300"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Family Process","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027169097","display_name":"Cassandra Clay","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"CASSANDRA M. CLAY","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston University School of Social Work, 264 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA. cmclay@bu.edu","Clinical Professor, Boston University School of Social Work"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston University School of Social Work, 264 Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, USA. cmclay@bu.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Professor, Boston University School of Social Work","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"MICHAEL A. ELLIS","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MICHAEL A. ELLIS","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Assistant, Boston University School of Social Work"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Assistant, Boston University School of Social Work","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037943149","display_name":"Margaret L. Griffin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8971-846X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8971-846X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MARGARET L. GRIFFIN","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Associate, Boston University School of Social Work"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Associate, Boston University School of Social Work","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109430216","display_name":"Maryann Amodeo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"MARYANN AMODEO","raw_affiliation_strings":["Associate Professor, Boston University School of Social Work"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Associate Professor, Boston University School of Social Work","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016449694","display_name":"Irene Fassler","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"IRENE R. FASSLER","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Assistant, Boston University School of Social Work"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Assistant, Boston University School of Social Work","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2912,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95589761,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"2","first_page":"243","last_page":"256"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10585","display_name":"Family Dynamics and Relationships","score":0.6869999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10585","display_name":"Family Dynamics and Relationships","score":0.6869999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.24009999632835388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12245","display_name":"Counseling, Therapy, and Family Dynamics","score":0.022299999371170998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences","display_name":"racial differences","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-women","display_name":"Black women","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-women","display_name":"white women","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/childhood-family-environment","display_name":"childhood family environment","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-environment-scale","display_name":"Family Environment Scale","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychometric-properties","display_name":"psychometric properties","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-cohesion","display_name":"family cohesion","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-conflict","display_name":"family conflict","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-organization","display_name":"family organization","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/family-expressiveness","display_name":"family expressiveness","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-parent-families","display_name":"two-parent families","score":0.6840000152587891}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779590538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5433106","display_name":"Family Environment Scale","level":2,"score":0.7979907989501953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776194465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31184","display_name":"Sibling","level":2,"score":0.6919853687286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6823426485061646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.5463311672210693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5083786845207214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.48680922389030457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.44966262578964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.4443081021308899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.4089089035987854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001290","descriptor_name":"Attitude","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003220","descriptor_name":"Conflict, Psychological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005195","descriptor_name":"Family Relations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011939","descriptor_name":"Mental Recall","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012801","descriptor_name":"Sibling Relations","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012931","descriptor_name":"Social Environment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012941","descriptor_name":"Social Responsibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012951","descriptor_name":"Socialization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016487","descriptor_name":"Parenting","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018864","descriptor_name":"Cultural Diversity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044383","descriptor_name":"Black People","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044465","descriptor_name":"White People","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00207.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00207.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00207.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167491010","display_name":"Family Process","issn_l":"0014-7370","issn":["0014-7370","1545-5300"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Family Process","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17593888","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17593888","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Family process","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.8974000215530396}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173232021","https://openalex.org/W1749588726","https://openalex.org/W1964050847","https://openalex.org/W1968705338","https://openalex.org/W1980623595","https://openalex.org/W1981448142","https://openalex.org/W1988897984","https://openalex.org/W1990209243","https://openalex.org/W2008463899","https://openalex.org/W2021961983","https://openalex.org/W2023145110","https://openalex.org/W2030963921","https://openalex.org/W2037049757","https://openalex.org/W2038491842","https://openalex.org/W2040168148","https://openalex.org/W2041304780","https://openalex.org/W2046267579","https://openalex.org/W2047204879","https://openalex.org/W2051848502","https://openalex.org/W2071338647","https://openalex.org/W2085843869","https://openalex.org/W2093742077","https://openalex.org/W2096507069","https://openalex.org/W2105575244","https://openalex.org/W2115730311","https://openalex.org/W2122897590","https://openalex.org/W2130393632","https://openalex.org/W2131822093","https://openalex.org/W2134463798","https://openalex.org/W2137379520","https://openalex.org/W2139696359","https://openalex.org/W2156720261","https://openalex.org/W2162850822","https://openalex.org/W2169443829","https://openalex.org/W2916717560","https://openalex.org/W4251802213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W239159741","https://openalex.org/W114255400","https://openalex.org/W2058726668","https://openalex.org/W2030297976","https://openalex.org/W7101099134","https://openalex.org/W7071756155","https://openalex.org/W3155961430","https://openalex.org/W2952882129","https://openalex.org/W2168259241","https://openalex.org/W2065272645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"Few":[1],"studies":[2],"have":[3,191],"examined":[4,51],"racial":[5],"differences":[6],"in":[7,28,45,130,143,153],"perceptions":[8],"of":[9,34,77,120,151,163,168,177,187],"childhood.":[10,29],"Little":[11],"is":[12],"known":[13],"about":[14],"how":[15],"Blacks":[16],"perceive":[17],"their":[18,118],"own":[19],"families,":[20,43],"particularly":[21],"the":[22,57,78,144,169],"family":[23,108,155],"environment":[24],"that":[25],"they":[26],"experienced":[27],"METHODS:":[30],"A":[31],"community":[32,161],"sample":[33,162],"290":[35],"women":[36,104,111,116],"(55%":[37],"White,":[38],"45%":[39],"Black)":[40],"from":[41],"two-parent":[42],"heterogeneous":[44],"age":[46],"and":[47,93,102,126,128,147,185],"social":[48],"class,":[49],"was":[50],"using":[52],"a":[53,64,141,160],"self-administered":[54],"questionnaire,":[55],"including":[56],"Family":[58],"Environment":[59],"Scale":[60],"(FES),":[61],"followed":[62],"by":[63,84,159],"focused":[65],"interview.":[66],"Siblings":[67],"were":[68,96],"used":[69,192],"as":[70,122,157],"collateral":[71],"informants.":[72],"RESULTS:":[73],"The":[74,86,165],"psychometric":[75,166],"properties":[76,167],"FES":[79],"showed":[80],"remarkably":[81],"little":[82],"variation":[83],"race:":[85],"internal":[87],"scale":[88],"reliability,":[89],"correlations":[90],"between":[91],"scales,":[92],"factor":[94],"structures":[95],"quite":[97],"similar.":[98],"Although":[99],"both":[100,178],"White":[101,115],"Black":[103,110,154],"reported":[105,158],"good":[106],"childhood":[107],"environments,":[109],"when":[112],"compared":[113],"with":[114],"rated":[117],"families":[119,176],"origin":[121],"more":[123],"cohesive,":[124],"organized,":[125],"expressive,":[127],"lower":[129],"conflict.":[131],"Sibling":[132],"responses":[133],"corroborated":[134],"these":[135],"findings.":[136],"DISCUSSION:":[137],"This":[138],"study":[139],"addresses":[140],"gap":[142],"research":[145],"literature":[146],"provides":[148],"important":[149],"evidence":[150],"strengths":[152],"relationships":[156],"women.":[164],"FES,":[170],"found":[171],"to":[172,182],"be":[173],"strong":[174],"for":[175],"races,":[179],"lends":[180],"support":[181],"our":[183],"findings":[184],"those":[186],"other":[188],"researchers":[189],"who":[190],"this":[193],"measure.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}