{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2092292425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1198/tast.2011.10165","title":"Statistical Sleuthing by Leveraging Human Nature: A Study of Olympic Figure Skating","display_name":"Statistical Sleuthing by Leveraging Human Nature: A Study of Olympic Figure Skating","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2092292425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1198/tast.2011.10165","mag":"2092292425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1198/tast.2011.10165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1198/tast.2011.10165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1198/tast.2011.10165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4179095","display_name":"The American Statistician","issn_l":"0003-1305","issn":["0003-1305","1537-2731"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Statistician","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055739708","display_name":"John W. Emerson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5841-634X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5841-634X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John W. Emerson","raw_affiliation_strings":["John W. Emerson is Associate Professor and Taylor B. Arnold is Doctoral Candidate, Department of Statistics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208290, New Haven, CT 06520-8290. The authors thank Ankur Sharma for his help validating the raw data scrape, and are grateful for several helpful discussions arising from seminars presenting parts of this work. The authors also thank the Associate Editor and two referees for their helpful comments","Yale University, New Haven, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"John W. Emerson is Associate Professor and Taylor B. Arnold is Doctoral Candidate, Department of Statistics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208290, New Haven, CT 06520-8290. The authors thank Ankur Sharma for his help validating the raw data scrape, and are grateful for several helpful discussions arising from seminars presenting parts of this work. The authors also thank the Associate Editor and two referees for their helpful comments","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035784772","display_name":"Taylor Arnold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0576-0669","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0576-0669"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taylor B. Arnold","raw_affiliation_strings":["John W. Emerson is Associate Professor and Taylor B. Arnold is Doctoral Candidate, Department of Statistics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208290, New Haven, CT 06520-8290. The authors thank Ankur Sharma for his help validating the raw data scrape, and are grateful for several helpful discussions arising from seminars presenting parts of this work. The authors also thank the Associate Editor and two referees for their helpful comments","Yale University, New Haven, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"John W. Emerson is Associate Professor and Taylor B. Arnold is Doctoral Candidate, Department of Statistics, Yale University, P.O. Box 208290, New Haven, CT 06520-8290. The authors thank Ankur Sharma for his help validating the raw data scrape, and are grateful for several helpful discussions arising from seminars presenting parts of this work. The authors also thank the Associate Editor and two referees for their helpful comments","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yale University, New Haven, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4142,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91566915,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"65","issue":"3","first_page":"143","last_page":"148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.6714000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":0.6714000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13720","display_name":"Benford\u2019s Law and Fraud Detection","score":0.2736999988555908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13500","display_name":"Probability and Statistical Research","score":0.02630000002682209,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomization","display_name":"randomization","score":0.48899999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132010649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189222","display_name":"Intuition","level":2,"score":0.5482757687568665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47380584478378296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21308566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7169365","display_name":"Permutation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4195065200328827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173633133","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw score","level":3,"score":0.4105928838253021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3923764228820801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3736289441585541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3619684875011444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3200491964817047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2552952468395233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132964779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2110223","display_name":"Raw data","level":2,"score":0.16924896836280823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.12498033046722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1217045783996582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1198/tast.2011.10165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1198/tast.2011.10165","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1198/tast.2011.10165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4179095","display_name":"The American Statistician","issn_l":"0003-1305","issn":["0003-1305","1537-2731"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Statistician","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bes:amstat:v:65:i:3:y:2011:p:143-148","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://pubs.amstat.org/doi/abs/10.1198/tast.2011.10165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607445741","https://openalex.org/W1623768750","https://openalex.org/W1997988714","https://openalex.org/W1998416688","https://openalex.org/W2009814207","https://openalex.org/W2037586880","https://openalex.org/W2041147206","https://openalex.org/W2078582099","https://openalex.org/W2149987683"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2916286334","https://openalex.org/W2364252372","https://openalex.org/W4234066492","https://openalex.org/W1998063895","https://openalex.org/W1967044713","https://openalex.org/W2463705567","https://openalex.org/W2133470120","https://openalex.org/W1994286895","https://openalex.org/W2965112023","https://openalex.org/W2747625183"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Analysis":[0],"of":[1,12,22,33,37,54,60,84,120,123,145,158,187],"figure":[2],"skating":[3],"scoring":[4,15,65,75],"is":[5,97,133,174],"notoriously":[6],"difficult":[7],"under":[8],"the":[9,19,23,31,52,58,69,73,79,101,110,118,121,126,137,146,150,156,167,181,188],"new":[10],"Code":[11],"Points":[13],"(CoP)":[14],"system,":[16],"created":[17],"following":[18],"judging":[20,127],"scandal":[21],"2002":[24],"Olympic":[25],"Winter":[26],"Games.":[27],"The":[28],"CoP":[29,64],"involves":[30],"selection":[32],"a":[34,170],"random":[35,172],"subpanel":[36,173],"judges;":[38],"scores":[39,71,124],"from":[40,72,125],"other":[41],"judges":[42,85],"are":[43],"reported":[44],"but":[45],"not":[46],"used.":[47],"An":[48],"attempt":[49],"to":[50,67,105,135],"repeat":[51],"methods":[53],"previous":[55],"studies":[56],"establishing":[57],"presence":[59],"nationalistic":[61,159],"bias":[62],"in":[63,109],"failed":[66],"recreate":[68],"competition":[70],"raw":[74],"sheets.":[76],"This":[77,192],"raised":[78],"concern":[80],"that":[81,100,131,169],"different":[82],"subpanels":[83],"were":[86],"being":[87],"selected":[88],"for":[89,115,176],"each":[90,116,177],"skater":[91],"(breaking":[92],"ISU":[93,102],"rules).":[94],"However,":[95],"it":[96,132],"also":[98],"possible":[99],"was":[103],"attempting":[104],"further":[106],"reduce":[107],"transparency":[108],"system":[111],"by":[112,183],"permuting,":[113],"separately":[114],"skater,":[117],"order":[119],"presentation":[122],"panel.":[128],"Intuition":[129],"suggests":[130],"impossible":[134],"tell":[136],"difference":[138],"between":[139],"accidental":[140],"randomization":[141],"and":[142],"intentional":[143],"permutation":[144],"judges\u2019":[147],"scores.":[148],"Although":[149],"recent":[151],"changes":[152],"do":[153],"successfully":[154],"prevent":[155],"study":[157],"bias,":[160],"this":[161],"article":[162,193],"provides":[163],"strong":[164],"evidence":[165],"against":[166],"hypothesis":[168],"separate":[171],"chosen":[175],"competitor.":[178],"It":[179],"addresses":[180],"problem":[182],"applying":[184],"Gleser\u2019s":[185],"extension":[186],"Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov":[189],"goodness-of-fit":[190],"test.":[191],"has":[194],"supplementary":[195],"material":[196],"online.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}