{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2091950719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6098","title":"A note on the kappa statistic for clustered dichotomous data","display_name":"A note on the kappa statistic for clustered dichotomous data","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-02-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2091950719","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6098","mag":"2091950719","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24488927"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/sim.6098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55189604","display_name":"Statistics in Medicine","issn_l":"0277-6715","issn":["0277-6715","1097-0258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042646731","display_name":"Ming Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4101-3185","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4101-3185"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091812","display_name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00gtmwv55","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091812"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Biometric Sciences; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Hopewell NJ 08534 U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Biometric Sciences; Bristol-Myers Squibb; Hopewell NJ 08534 U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091812"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707587","display_name":"Yang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4522-5524","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4522-5524"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["UCB BioSciences, Inc. 8010 Arco Corporate Drive Raleigh NC 27617 U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UCB BioSciences, Inc. 8010 Arco Corporate Drive Raleigh NC 27617 U.S.A","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100707587"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":5450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6177,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7879437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"14","first_page":"2425","last_page":"2448"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kappa-statistic","display_name":"kappa statistic","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interobserver-agreement","display_name":"interobserver agreement","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance-estimation","display_name":"variance estimation","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delta-method","display_name":"delta method","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-bootstrap","display_name":"cluster bootstrap","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation-structure","display_name":"correlation structure","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidence-intervals","display_name":"confidence intervals","score":0.5630000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89128539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1949963","display_name":"Statistic","level":2,"score":0.6757012605667114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.6635838150978088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.6592076420783997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48196741938591003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163864269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107106","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","level":2,"score":0.4696718156337738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.46570783853530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778724333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14401","display_name":"Kappa","level":2,"score":0.4372681975364685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.436116099357605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.4133152663707733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003627","descriptor_name":"Data Interpretation, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011570","descriptor_name":"Psychiatry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016000","descriptor_name":"Cluster Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016001","descriptor_name":"Confidence Intervals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/sim.6098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6098","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.6098","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55189604","display_name":"Statistics in Medicine","issn_l":"0277-6715","issn":["0277-6715","1097-0258"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24488927","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24488927","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Statistics in medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968739852","https://openalex.org/W1974364078","https://openalex.org/W1974553458","https://openalex.org/W1975879668","https://openalex.org/W1978217317","https://openalex.org/W1991598945","https://openalex.org/W1997270457","https://openalex.org/W2015175536","https://openalex.org/W2027733749","https://openalex.org/W2027995896","https://openalex.org/W2029553347","https://openalex.org/W2037789405","https://openalex.org/W2043207121","https://openalex.org/W2043640852","https://openalex.org/W2045787810","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2076983043","https://openalex.org/W2079759626","https://openalex.org/W2080385988","https://openalex.org/W2082619046","https://openalex.org/W2087313391","https://openalex.org/W2091512749","https://openalex.org/W2092831695","https://openalex.org/W2101073067","https://openalex.org/W2105677904","https://openalex.org/W2112844397","https://openalex.org/W2120010340","https://openalex.org/W2136733697","https://openalex.org/W2146401447","https://openalex.org/W2146976162","https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2324026571","https://openalex.org/W3106889297","https://openalex.org/W4232240339","https://openalex.org/W4249446031"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2089377585","https://openalex.org/W2105677904","https://openalex.org/W2082619046","https://openalex.org/W2052010261","https://openalex.org/W3012099858","https://openalex.org/W4328001368","https://openalex.org/W2187600119","https://openalex.org/W1559017864","https://openalex.org/W2782565758","https://openalex.org/W1991598945"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116,162],"kappa":[1,26,73,114],"statistic":[2,27],"is":[3,81,125,196],"widely":[4],"used":[5],"to":[6,20,83,97,178],"assess":[7],"the":[8,22,25,50,57,72,85,88,98,108,113,120,129,133,139,156,179,184,192,205,210],"agreement":[9],"between":[10],"two":[11,217],"raters.":[12],"Motivated":[13],"by":[14],"a":[15,41,67,123,149],"simulation-based":[16],"cluster":[17,124],"bootstrap":[18],"method":[19,59,142,168],"calculate":[21],"variance":[23,69,117,130],"of":[24,87,107,153,158,194,208],"for":[28,71,112,146,172],"clustered":[29,51,219],"physician-patients":[30,52,220],"dichotomous":[31,53,221],"data,":[32,54],"we":[33,65],"investigate":[34],"its":[35,61],"special":[36,62],"correlation":[37],"structure":[38],"and":[39,44,60,91,104,128,138,165,175,216],"develop":[40],"new":[42,89,134,163,185],"simple":[43],"efficient":[45,173],"data":[46,215,222],"generation":[47],"algorithm.":[48],"For":[49],"based":[55],"on":[56],"delta":[58,141,167],"covariance":[63],"structure,":[64],"propose":[66],"semi-parametric":[68],"estimator":[70,118],"statistic.":[74,115],"An":[75],"extensive":[76],"Monte":[77],"Carlo":[78],"simulation":[79],"study":[80],"performed":[82],"evaluate":[84],"performance":[86,189],"proposal":[90,164,186],"five":[92],"existing":[93,180],"methods":[94],"with":[95],"respect":[96],"empirical":[99],"coverage":[100],"probability,":[101],"root-mean-square":[102],"error,":[103],"average":[105],"width":[106],"95%":[109],"confidence":[110],"interval":[111],"ignoring":[119],"dependence":[121],"within":[122],"generally":[126],"inappropriate,":[127],"estimators":[131],"from":[132],"proposal,":[135],"bootstrap-based":[136,181],"methods,":[137,211],"sampling-based":[140,166],"perform":[143],"reasonably":[144],"well":[145],"at":[147],"least":[148],"moderately":[150],"large":[151],"number":[152,157,193],"clusters":[154,159,195],"(e.g.,":[155],"K":[160,200],"\u2a7e50).":[161],"provide":[169],"convenient":[170],"tools":[171],"computations":[174],"non-simulation-based":[176],"alternatives":[177],"methods.":[182],"Moreover,":[183],"has":[187],"acceptable":[188],"even":[190],"when":[191],"as":[197,199],"small":[198],"=":[201],"25.":[202],"To":[203],"illustrate":[204],"practical":[206],"application":[207],"all":[209],"one":[212],"psychiatric":[213],"research":[214],"simulated":[218],"are":[223],"analyzed.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
