{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2091631918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4271.1346","title":"Temperatures of the Martian Surface and Atmosphere: Viking Observation of Diurnal and Geometric Variations","display_name":"Temperatures of the Martian Surface and Atmosphere: Viking Observation of Diurnal and Geometric Variations","publication_year":1976,"publication_date":"1976-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2091631918","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4271.1346","mag":"2091631918","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17797099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.194.4271.1346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4271.1346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4271.1346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079155771","display_name":"Hugh H. Kieffer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-0339","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2485-0339"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hugh H. Kieffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles 90024"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles 90024","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041195860","display_name":"Philip Russel Christensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9625-4723","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9625-4723"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philip R. Christensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles 90024"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles 90024","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021125438","display_name":"Terry Z. Martin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2036-1554","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2036-1554"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terry Z. Martin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles 90024"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles 90024","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056554302","display_name":"E. D. Miner","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellis D. Miner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91103"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91103","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079947714","display_name":"Frank Don Palluconi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122411786","display_name":"California Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05dxps055","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334627681","display_name":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/027k65916","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681","https://openalex.org/I4210124779"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank D. Palluconi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91103"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91103","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122411786","https://openalex.org/I1334627681"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.2999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96398512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"194","issue":"4271","first_page":"1346","last_page":"1351"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10406","display_name":"Planetary Science and Exploration","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10325","display_name":"Astro and Planetary Science","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1912","display_name":"Space and Planetary Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12383","display_name":"Aeolian processes and effects","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diurnal-temperature-variation","display_name":"diurnal temperature range","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arsia-mons","display_name":"Arsia Mons","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-inertia","display_name":"thermal inertia","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crater-floor","display_name":"crater floor","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brightness-temperature","display_name":"brightness temperature","score":0.906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emission-angle","display_name":"emission angle","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflected-sunlight","display_name":"reflected sunlight","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-scattering","display_name":"atmospheric scattering","score":0.37299999594688416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58650310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168182","display_name":"Noon","level":2,"score":0.7206375002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.7011404633522034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6614694595336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167678106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283759","display_name":"Diurnal temperature variation","level":2,"score":0.6554303169250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45095769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218860","display_name":"Atmosphere of Mars","level":4,"score":0.6548961997032166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778600265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q913850","display_name":"Martian","level":3,"score":0.6052088141441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179537507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55818","display_name":"Impact crater","level":2,"score":0.5904372334480286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C607359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845339","display_name":"Atmospheric temperature","level":2,"score":0.5134047269821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.4281190037727356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83260615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6773121","display_name":"Mars Exploration Program","level":2,"score":0.4053625464439392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3603002429008484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87355193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411","display_name":"Astrobiology","level":1,"score":0.3220441937446594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.1725083887577057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11931872367858887}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1126/science.194.4271.1346","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4271.1346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4271.1346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3880285","display_name":"Science","issn_l":"0036-8075","issn":["0036-8075","0193-4511","1095-9203"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315823","host_organization_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315823"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Association for the Advancement of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17797099","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17797099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Science (New York, N.Y.)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982772569","https://openalex.org/W1995654240","https://openalex.org/W1997007489","https://openalex.org/W1999647290","https://openalex.org/W2005869186","https://openalex.org/W2021650486","https://openalex.org/W2028121875","https://openalex.org/W2029897670","https://openalex.org/W2035442073","https://openalex.org/W2086336905","https://openalex.org/W2087899628","https://openalex.org/W2092299180","https://openalex.org/W2100037710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982985202","https://openalex.org/W2105128256","https://openalex.org/W2150223420","https://openalex.org/W1978255651","https://openalex.org/W1591469631","https://openalex.org/W2996914014","https://openalex.org/W1988647314","https://openalex.org/W1619186960","https://openalex.org/W2043051624","https://openalex.org/W4366503027"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Selected":[0],"observations":[1],"made":[2],"with":[3,45],"the":[4,10,19,22,60,65,92,98,111,125,142,152],"Viking":[5,23,143],"infrared":[6],"thermal":[7,102,106],"mapper":[8],"after":[9,52],"first":[11],"landing":[12,25,145],"are":[13,132],"reported.":[14],"Atmospheric":[15],"temperatures":[16,47,140],"measured":[17],"at":[18,41,148],"latitude":[20],"of":[21,32,40,57,64,73,80,91,100,108,113,141,154],"2":[24],"site":[26],"(48":[27],"degrees":[28],"N)":[29],"over":[30],"most":[31],"a":[33,37,78,158],"martian":[34],"day":[35],"reveal":[36],"diurnal":[38,86],"variation":[39,88],"least":[42],"15":[43],"K,":[44],"peak":[46],"occurring":[48],"near":[49],"2.2":[50],"hours":[51],"noon,":[53],"implying":[54,166],"significant":[55],"absorption":[56],"sunlight":[58,156],"in":[59,135],"lower":[61],"30":[62],"km":[63],"atmosphere":[66],"by":[67,77],"entrained":[68],"dust.":[69],"The":[70,105],"summit":[71],"temperature":[72,87],"Arsia":[74],"Mons":[75],"varies":[76],"factor":[79],"nearly":[81],"two":[82],"each":[83],"day;":[84],"large":[85,116,149],"is":[89,118],"characteristic":[90],"south":[93],"Tharsis":[94],"upland":[95],"and":[96],"implies":[97],"presence":[99],"low":[101],"inertia":[103,107],"material.":[104,138],"material":[109],"on":[110,162],"floors":[112],"several":[114],"typical":[115],"craters":[117,131],"found":[119],"to":[120],"be":[121],"higher":[122],"than":[123,164],"for":[124],"surrounding":[126],"terrain;":[127],"this":[128],"suggests":[129],"that":[130],"somehow":[133],"effective":[134],"sorting":[136],"aeolian":[137],"Brightness":[139],"1":[144],"area":[146],"decrease":[147],"emission":[150],"angles;":[151],"intensity":[153],"reflected":[155],"shows":[157],"more":[159],"complex":[160],"dependence":[161],"geometry":[163],"expected,":[165],"atmospheric":[167],"as":[168,170],"well":[169],"surface":[171],"scattering.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}