{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2091589532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","title":"Melasma in Latin America: options for therapy and treatment algorithm","display_name":"Melasma in Latin America: options for therapy and treatment algorithm","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-06-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2091589532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","mag":"2091589532","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19646135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137740113","display_name":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology","issn_l":"0926-9959","issn":["0926-9959","1468-3083"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001633447","display_name":"T\u00e2nia Ferreira Cestari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3001-0202","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3001-0202"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097146","display_name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre","ror":"https://ror.org/010we4y38","country_code":"BR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097146"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T Cestari","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. tcestari@terra.com.br","University of Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Cli\u0301nicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil. tcestari@terra.com.br","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rio Grande do Sul, Hospital de Cli\u0301nicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097146"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013794228","display_name":"I. Reig Rinc\u00f3n de Arellano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-8808","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-8808"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802421035","display_name":"Hospital General de M\u00e9xico","ror":"https://ror.org/01php1d31","country_code":"MX","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802421035","https://openalex.org/I4210095685"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I Arellano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital General de Me\u0301xico, O.D., Mexico"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital General de Me\u0301xico, O.D., Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802421035"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077477089","display_name":"Doris Maria Hexsel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-9026","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0615-9026"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16371252","display_name":"Universidade de Passo Fundo","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwd8p12","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16371252"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D Hexsel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passo Fundo, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passo Fundo, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16371252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111551156","display_name":"J.\u2010P. Ortonne","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387154757","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Nice Sophia Antipolis","ror":"https://ror.org/02k9vew78","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201841394","https://openalex.org/I4387154757"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JP Ortonne","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387154757"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001633447"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097146"],"apc_list":{"value":5450,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5450},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8833,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63318777,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"7","first_page":"760","last_page":"772"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11172","display_name":"Dermatologic Treatments and Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11172","display_name":"Dermatologic Treatments and Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11144","display_name":"melanin and skin pigmentation","score":0.002099999925121665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1307","display_name":"Cell Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melasma","display_name":"melasma","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-algorithm","display_name":"treatment algorithm","score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydroquinone","display_name":"hydroquinone","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triple-combination-cream","display_name":"triple combination cream","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/all-trans-retinoic-acid","display_name":"all-trans retinoic acid","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-peels","display_name":"chemical peels","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-therapy","display_name":"laser therapy","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-inflammatory-hyperpigmentation","display_name":"post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ochronosis","display_name":"ochronosis","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/melasma-area-and-severity-index","display_name":"Melasma Area and Severity Index","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-s-global-assessment","display_name":"physician global assessment","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sun-protection","display_name":"sun protection","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sunscreen","display_name":"sunscreen","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latin-america","display_name":"Latin America","score":0.597000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.964892566204071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776677263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q305190","display_name":"Melasma","level":2,"score":0.920917272567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.5771916508674622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158886217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16799549","display_name":"Latin Americans","level":2,"score":0.41672247648239136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004359","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy, Combination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005446","descriptor_name":"Fluocinolone Acetonide","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005446","descriptor_name":"Fluocinolone Acetonide","qualifier_ui":"Q000031","qualifier_name":"analogs & derivatives","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005446","descriptor_name":"Fluocinolone Acetonide","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006873","descriptor_name":"Hydroquinones","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006873","descriptor_name":"Hydroquinones","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007843","descriptor_name":"Latin America","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008548","descriptor_name":"Melanosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008548","descriptor_name":"Melanosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011788","descriptor_name":"Quality of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014212","descriptor_name":"Tretinoin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014212","descriptor_name":"Tretinoin","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019317","descriptor_name":"Evidence-Based Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137740113","display_name":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology","issn_l":"0926-9959","issn":["0926-9959","1468-3083"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19646135","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19646135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03251.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137740113","display_name":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology","issn_l":"0926-9959","issn":["0926-9959","1468-3083"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2091589532.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":79,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16202972","https://openalex.org/W124885230","https://openalex.org/W132512115","https://openalex.org/W146094976","https://openalex.org/W164979212","https://openalex.org/W169222500","https://openalex.org/W343771251","https://openalex.org/W963595151","https://openalex.org/W1884674090","https://openalex.org/W1953004869","https://openalex.org/W1964340452","https://openalex.org/W1968055097","https://openalex.org/W1969306005","https://openalex.org/W1971410997","https://openalex.org/W1975096336","https://openalex.org/W1983712694","https://openalex.org/W1984222861","https://openalex.org/W1984846620","https://openalex.org/W1986669980","https://openalex.org/W1987813817","https://openalex.org/W1993514465","https://openalex.org/W1998825789","https://openalex.org/W2000926251","https://openalex.org/W2001087251","https://openalex.org/W2002085398","https://openalex.org/W2002957381","https://openalex.org/W2006764873","https://openalex.org/W2010579511","https://openalex.org/W2016165863","https://openalex.org/W2022403505","https://openalex.org/W2028988373","https://openalex.org/W2031508458","https://openalex.org/W2038150924","https://openalex.org/W2042842416","https://openalex.org/W2043268879","https://openalex.org/W2044726184","https://openalex.org/W2052433604","https://openalex.org/W2055984976","https://openalex.org/W2060540686","https://openalex.org/W2067888481","https://openalex.org/W2069413718","https://openalex.org/W2071615751","https://openalex.org/W2075402686","https://openalex.org/W2084662104","https://openalex.org/W2085684974","https://openalex.org/W2086381061","https://openalex.org/W2086734160","https://openalex.org/W2088522155","https://openalex.org/W2092046345","https://openalex.org/W2095217950","https://openalex.org/W2100781016","https://openalex.org/W2101630759","https://openalex.org/W2107174916","https://openalex.org/W2110175712","https://openalex.org/W2111620906","https://openalex.org/W2113054089","https://openalex.org/W2115071308","https://openalex.org/W2122061284","https://openalex.org/W2122423912","https://openalex.org/W2126311352","https://openalex.org/W2137391819","https://openalex.org/W2139127377","https://openalex.org/W2140044521","https://openalex.org/W2145135129","https://openalex.org/W2147602928","https://openalex.org/W2149456909","https://openalex.org/W2151149038","https://openalex.org/W2152819964","https://openalex.org/W2157248244","https://openalex.org/W2162913078","https://openalex.org/W2170393665","https://openalex.org/W2278132114","https://openalex.org/W2397831672","https://openalex.org/W2407961673","https://openalex.org/W2417930074","https://openalex.org/W2430631679","https://openalex.org/W4205361475","https://openalex.org/W4230145997","https://openalex.org/W4245108585"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4229076138","https://openalex.org/W2003464458","https://openalex.org/W2067826828","https://openalex.org/W2088522155","https://openalex.org/W1964340452","https://openalex.org/W2144705806","https://openalex.org/W2077847846","https://openalex.org/W153170699","https://openalex.org/W4286214267","https://openalex.org/W1993107732"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE/AIM:":[0],"To":[1],"examine":[2],"approaches":[3],"to":[4,12,30,81,181,230,260],"therapy":[5,224,253],"for":[6,16,64,115,125,144,149,177,184,196,274],"melasma":[7,80,93,127,146,198],"in":[8,28,40,48],"Latin":[9,34,159],"Americans":[10],"and":[11,21,44,59,86,104,110,138,140,152,175,187,210,219,265],"propose":[13],"treatment":[14,112,179,195,244],"algorithms":[15,183],"patients":[17,117],"with":[18,50,171,269],"mild,":[19],"moderate":[20],"severe":[22],"melasma.":[23,65,189],"BACKGROUND:":[24],"Melasma":[25,96],"is":[26,38,45,118,123,199,227,238,245,254],"prevalent":[27],"up":[29],"10%":[31],"of":[32,56,89,92,106,133,154,166,278],"the":[33,71,90,95,107,150,158,239,275,279],"American":[35,160],"population.":[36],"It":[37],"found":[39],"all":[41,126],"racial":[42],"groups":[43],"more":[46],"common":[47],"subjects":[49],"darker":[51],"skin":[52],"phototypes.":[53],"A":[54],"number":[55],"topical":[57,134],"treatments":[58,67],"procedures":[60],"have":[61],"been":[62],"used":[63,143],"Topical":[66],"containing":[68,205],"hydroquinone":[69,200,206,218,249],"are":[70,272],"most":[72,108,192],"popular.":[73],"Care":[74],"must":[75],"be":[76],"taken":[77],"when":[78],"treating":[79,145,185],"avoid":[82],"inducing":[83],"post-inflammatory":[84],"hyperpigmentation":[85],"ochronosis.":[87],"Determination":[88],"severity":[91],"(using":[94],"Area":[97],"Severity":[98],"Index":[99],"and/or":[100,113],"Physician's":[101],"Global":[102],"Assessment)":[103],"choice":[105],"effective":[109],"suitable":[111],"procedure":[114],"individual":[116],"therefore":[119],"essential.":[120],"Sun":[121,262],"protection":[122],"mandatory":[124],"patients.":[128],"METHODS:":[129],"Thirty-one":[130],"clinical":[131,155],"studies":[132],"treatments,":[135],"chemical":[136],"peels":[137],"laser":[139],"other":[141],"therapies":[142],"were":[147,169],"assessed":[148],"level":[151],"quality":[153],"evidence,":[156],"by":[157],"Pigmentary":[161],"Disorders":[162],"Academy.":[163],"The":[164,191],"results":[165],"this":[167],"analysis":[168],"combined":[170],"differential":[172],"diagnosis":[173],"guidelines":[174],"methods":[176],"assessing":[178],"success":[180],"establish":[182],"mild":[186,197],"moderate-to-severe":[188,233],"RESULTS:":[190],"appropriate":[193],"first-line":[194,241],"4%,":[201,207],"triple":[202,235,252],"combination":[203,215,236,247],"cream":[204,237],"tretinoin":[208],"0.05%":[209],"fluocinolone":[211],"acetate":[212],"0.01%,":[213],"double":[214,246],"(e.g.":[216],"4%":[217,250],"0.1%":[220],"tretinoin)":[221],"or":[222,248,257],"non-phenolic":[223],"where":[225,251],"there":[226],"an":[228],"allergy":[229],"compounds.":[231,261],"In":[232],"melasma,":[234],"recommended":[240],"treatment.":[242],"Second-line":[243],"not":[255],"available":[256],"if":[258],"allergic":[259],"avoidance":[263],"measures":[264],"broad":[266],"spectrum":[267],"sunscreens":[268],"high":[270],"SPF":[271],"fundamental":[273],"successful":[276],"management":[277],"disease.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
