{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2091290158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00609.x","title":"Tariff equivalents of nontariff measures: the case of European horticultural and fish imports from African countries","display_name":"Tariff equivalents of nontariff measures: the case of European horticultural and fish imports from African countries","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2091290158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00609.x","mag":"2091290158"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00609.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00609.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00609.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154775064","display_name":"Agricultural Economics","issn_l":"0169-5150","issn":["0169-5150","1574-0862"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agricultural Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022175343","display_name":"Nicod\u00e8me Nimenya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I208899625","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Burundi","ror":"https://ror.org/003vfy751","country_code":"BI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I208899625"]}],"countries":["BI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicod\u00e8me Nimenya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculte\u0301 d\u2019Agronomie, Universite\u0301 du Burundi, B.P 2940 Bujumbura, Burundi","Facult\u00e9 d\u2019Agronomie, Universit\u00e9 du Burundi, B.P 2940 Bujumbura, Burundi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculte\u0301 d\u2019Agronomie, Universite\u0301 du Burundi, B.P 2940 Bujumbura, Burundi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I208899625"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facult\u00e9 d\u2019Agronomie, Universit\u00e9 du Burundi, B.P 2940 Bujumbura, Burundi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I208899625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019295576","display_name":"Pascal\u2010Firmin Ndimira","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I208899625","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Burundi","ror":"https://ror.org/003vfy751","country_code":"BI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I208899625"]}],"countries":["BI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pascal\u2010Firmin Ndimira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculte\u0301 d\u2019Agronomie, Universite\u0301 du Burundi, B.P 2940 Bujumbura, Burundi","Facult\u00e9 d\u2019Agronomie, Universit\u00e9 du Burundi, B.P 2940 Bujumbura, Burundi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculte\u0301 d\u2019Agronomie, Universite\u0301 du Burundi, B.P 2940 Bujumbura, Burundi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I208899625"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facult\u00e9 d\u2019Agronomie, Universit\u00e9 du Burundi, B.P 2940 Bujumbura, Burundi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I208899625"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023931496","display_name":"Bruno Henry de Frahan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","display_name":"UCLouvain","ror":"https://ror.org/02495e989","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bruno Henry de Frahan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth and Life Institute, Universite\u0301 catholique de Louvain, Place de la Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.15, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","Earth and Life Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Place de la Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.15, B\u20101348 Louvain\u2010la\u2010Neuve, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth and Life Institute, Universite\u0301 catholique de Louvain, Place de la Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.15, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth and Life Institute, Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain, Place de la Croix du Sud 2, bte L7.05.15, B\u20101348 Louvain\u2010la\u2010Neuve, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023931496"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"],"apc_list":{"value":4030,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4030},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1197,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97592923,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"6","first_page":"635","last_page":"653"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9365000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9365000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11898","display_name":"Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets","score":0.0471000000834465,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.006500000134110451,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tariff-equivalents","display_name":"tariff equivalents","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-tariff-measures","display_name":"non-tariff measures","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-safety-standards","display_name":"food safety standards","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horticultural-imports","display_name":"horticultural imports","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fish-imports","display_name":"fish imports","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect-substitution","display_name":"imperfect substitution","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-endowments","display_name":"factor endowments","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monopolistic-competition","display_name":"monopolistic competition","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-beans","display_name":"green beans","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/avocado","display_name":"avocado","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frozen-fish-fillets","display_name":"frozen fish fillets","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kenya","display_name":"Kenya","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tanzania","display_name":"Tanzania","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uganda","display_name":"Uganda","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zambia","display_name":"Zambia","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/east-african-community","display_name":"East African Community","score":0.9319999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.6977925300598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.582243800163269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.5776147246360779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.5162496566772461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.49661093950271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.4489249885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.446732759475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80799131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379579","display_name":"Monopolistic competition","level":3,"score":0.41817963123321533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.337868869304657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781127519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43637","display_name":"Monopoly","level":2,"score":0.17495188117027283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.13268664479255676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00609.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00609.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00609.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S154775064","display_name":"Agricultural Economics","issn_l":"0169-5150","issn":["0169-5150","1574-0862"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Agricultural Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bla:agecon:v:43:y:2012:i:6:p:635-653","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/j.1574-0862.2012.00609.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:118450","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/118450","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401902","display_name":"Digital Access to Libraries (Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Universit\u00e9 de Namur (UNamur) and the Universit\u00e9 Saint-Louis (USL-B))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","host_organization_name":"UCLouvain","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Agricultural Economics (United Kingdom), Vol. 43, no.6, p. 635-653 (2012)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22510267","https://openalex.org/W1488832280","https://openalex.org/W1489698966","https://openalex.org/W1510170991","https://openalex.org/W1525751816","https://openalex.org/W1532117899","https://openalex.org/W1555089471","https://openalex.org/W1558777704","https://openalex.org/W1562377919","https://openalex.org/W1562548095","https://openalex.org/W1563521210","https://openalex.org/W1581164231","https://openalex.org/W1584754023","https://openalex.org/W1602344757","https://openalex.org/W1840827231","https://openalex.org/W1966664421","https://openalex.org/W1979538516","https://openalex.org/W2003336161","https://openalex.org/W2010641974","https://openalex.org/W2022730133","https://openalex.org/W2051169021","https://openalex.org/W2078770769","https://openalex.org/W2090235951","https://openalex.org/W2101608807","https://openalex.org/W2109995061","https://openalex.org/W2113678963","https://openalex.org/W2131826943","https://openalex.org/W2132369668","https://openalex.org/W2140598970","https://openalex.org/W2152912439","https://openalex.org/W2160146921","https://openalex.org/W2163025651","https://openalex.org/W2164332112","https://openalex.org/W2168946681","https://openalex.org/W2183196520","https://openalex.org/W2185870268","https://openalex.org/W2266461181","https://openalex.org/W2277568728","https://openalex.org/W2480427721","https://openalex.org/W2578848958","https://openalex.org/W3126140997","https://openalex.org/W4241319329","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299992304","https://openalex.org/W6676358029"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1704839165","https://openalex.org/W1910530592","https://openalex.org/W1689967271","https://openalex.org/W1697473549","https://openalex.org/W2732771341","https://openalex.org/W6960273302","https://openalex.org/W2626310972","https://openalex.org/W1559244996","https://openalex.org/W1627058829","https://openalex.org/W2118761807"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"the":[2,5,9,14,52,82,85,118,131],"context":[3],"of":[4,27,34,51,76,96,110],"Partnership":[6],"Agreements":[7],"between":[8],"European":[10,28],"Union":[11],"(EU)":[12],"and":[13,17,37,44,60,72,84,99,103,133,138],"African,":[15],"Caribbean,":[16],"Pacific":[18],"countries,":[19],"this":[20],"study":[21,47],"estimates":[22],"ad":[23],"valorem":[24],"tariff":[25,68,128],"equivalents":[26,69,129],"food":[29],"safety":[30],"standards":[31],"on":[32],"imports":[33,75,95,109],"key":[35],"horticultural":[36,132],"fish":[38,112,134],"products":[39,135],"from":[40,79,90,101,104,117],"Kenya,":[41],"Tanzania,":[42],"Uganda,":[43],"Zambia.":[45],"The":[46,66],"uses":[48],"an":[49],"extension":[50],"price\u2010wedge":[53],"method":[54],"to":[55,81,92,106],"account":[56],"for":[57,74,94,108,130],"imperfect":[58],"substitution":[59],"factor":[61],"endowment":[62],"in":[63,114,127],"monopolistic":[64],"competition.":[65],"estimated":[67],"are":[70],"55%":[71],"98%":[73],"fresh":[77],"peas":[78],"Zambia":[80],"Netherlands":[83],"U.K.,":[86],"respectively.":[87],"They":[88],"range":[89],"39%":[91],"64%":[93],"green":[97],"beans":[98],"avocados":[100],"Kenya":[102],"63%":[105],"270%":[107],"frozen":[111],"fillets":[113],"EU":[115,139],"countries":[116],"East":[119],"African":[120],"Community.":[121],"We":[122],"also":[123],"observe":[124],"large":[125],"variations":[126],"over":[136],"time":[137],"importing":[140],"countries.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
