{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2090949033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/57167.57182","title":"An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus","display_name":"An empirical comparison of pie vs. linear menus","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2090949033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/57167.57182","mag":"2090949033"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1145/57167.57182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/57167.57182","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/57167.57182","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607743","display_name":"CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '88","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2090949033"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004735367","display_name":"Julia Susan Callahan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Callahan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Maryland, College Park","University of Maryland, College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030607855","display_name":"Don Hopkins","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Hopkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Maryland, College Park","University of Maryland, College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021587962","display_name":"Mark Weiser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3638-0271","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3638-0271","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7962-2971"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Weiser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Maryland, College Park","University of Maryland, College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052623072","display_name":"Ben Shneiderman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-1097","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8298-1097"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Shneiderman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Maryland, College Park","University of Maryland, College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.27,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":483,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77777778,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"95","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.5938000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.5938000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.38350000977516174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.00989999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pie-menus","display_name":"pie menus","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pull-down-menus","display_name":"pull-down menus","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/menu-design","display_name":"menu design","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitts-law","display_name":"Fitts' law","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-rate","display_name":"error rate","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/target-size","display_name":"target size","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drift-distance","display_name":"drift distance","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-computer-interaction","display_name":"human-computer interaction","score":0.8360000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6671277284622192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779820595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798505","display_name":"Listing (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5455013513565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3588290512561798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.33222854137420654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.32393649220466614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1145/57167.57182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1145/57167.57182","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1145/57167.57182","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607743","display_name":"CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319798","host_organization_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319798"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Computing Machinery"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '88","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.74.1173","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.74.1173","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://hcil.cs.umd.edu/trs/87-10/87-10.ps","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16100754","https://openalex.org/W1501101087","https://openalex.org/W1991691398","https://openalex.org/W2047865915"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097704835","https://openalex.org/W2341954495","https://openalex.org/W2166565937","https://openalex.org/W7098800676","https://openalex.org/W4237719195","https://openalex.org/W7100001574","https://openalex.org/W7002421179","https://openalex.org/W2113725822","https://openalex.org/W2083706240"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Menus":[0],"are":[1,23,55],"largely":[2],"formatted":[3],"in":[4,37,95,107],"a":[5,24,50,61],"linear":[6,75,113],"fashion":[7],"listing":[8],"items":[9,54],"from":[10,67],"the":[11,16,38,53,58,68,87,92,99,112],"top":[12],"to":[13,111],"bottom":[14],"of":[15,27,44,60],"screen":[17],"or":[18],"window.":[19],"Pull":[20],"down":[21],"menus":[22,71,76],"common":[25],"example":[26],"this":[28],"format.":[29],"Bitmapped":[30],"computer":[31],"displays,":[32],"however,":[33],"allow":[34],"greater":[35],"freedom":[36],"placement,":[39],"font,":[40],"and":[41,90,105],"general":[42],"presentation":[43],"menus.":[45],"A":[46],"pie":[47],"menu":[48],"is":[49],"format":[51],"where":[52],"placed":[56],"along":[57],"circumference":[59],"circle":[62],"at":[63],"equal":[64],"radial":[65],"distances":[66],"center.":[69],"Pie":[70],"gain":[72],"over":[73],"traditional":[74],"by":[77,85],"reducing":[78],"target":[79,93,103],"seek":[80],"time,":[81],"lowering":[82],"error":[83],"rates":[84],"fixing":[86],"distance":[88,101],"factor":[89],"increasing":[91],"size":[94],"Fitts's":[96],"Law,":[97],"minimizing":[98],"drift":[100],"after":[102],"selection,":[104],"are,":[106],"general,":[108],"subjectively":[109],"equivalent":[110],"style.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":26}],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}