{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2090850441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802046858","title":"Carbon Offsets and Inequality: Social Costs and Co-Benefits in Guatemala and Sri Lanka","display_name":"Carbon Offsets and Inequality: Social Costs and Co-Benefits in Guatemala and Sri Lanka","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2090850441","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802046858","mag":"2090850441"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08941920802046858","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802046858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802046858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23642417","display_name":"Society & Natural Resources","issn_l":"0894-1920","issn":["0894-1920","1521-0723"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Society & Natural Resources","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011562081","display_name":"Hannah K. Wittman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8247-6517","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8247-6517"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I18014758","display_name":"Simon Fraser University","ror":"https://ror.org/0213rcc28","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hannah K. Wittman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074761767","display_name":"Cynthia M. Caron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1990-6529","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1990-6529"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cynthia Caron","raw_affiliation_strings":["American Institute for Lankan Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American Institute for Lankan Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011562081"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I18014758"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.8605,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99340817,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"8","first_page":"710","last_page":"726"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10319","display_name":"Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management","score":0.018200000748038292,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14296","display_name":"Climate Change and Sustainable Development","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clean-development-mechanism","display_name":"Clean Development Mechanism","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-offsets","display_name":"carbon offsetting","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-equity","display_name":"social equity","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/co-benefits","display_name":"co-benefits","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry-projects","display_name":"forestry projects","score":0.45500001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissions-trading","display_name":"emissions trading","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-mitigation","display_name":"climate change mitigation","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/guatemala","display_name":"Guatemala","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sri-lanka","display_name":"Sri Lanka","score":0.9190000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169402504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535536","display_name":"Clean Development Mechanism","level":3,"score":0.8179545402526855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83227832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1488967","display_name":"Carbon offset","level":3,"score":0.7685600519180298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99743013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47359","display_name":"Kyoto Protocol","level":3,"score":0.7465670108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.6853498220443726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.5541257858276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.46432796120643616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.46146538853645325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777644927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300947","display_name":"Social cost","level":2,"score":0.45820263028144836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.42995333671569824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.42288142442703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.327077180147171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1523646116256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0975784957408905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08941920802046858","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802046858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920802046858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S23642417","display_name":"Society & Natural Resources","issn_l":"0894-1920","issn":["0894-1920","1521-0723"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Society & Natural Resources","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:commons.clarku.edu:faculty_idce-1063","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://commons.clarku.edu/faculty_idce/64","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196688","display_name":"Clark Digital Commons (Clark University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130785548","host_organization_name":"Clark University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130785548"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability and Social Justice","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W282948712","https://openalex.org/W648895680","https://openalex.org/W1482268175","https://openalex.org/W1527165148","https://openalex.org/W1539599914","https://openalex.org/W1750986932","https://openalex.org/W1885972027","https://openalex.org/W2021458480","https://openalex.org/W2025350261","https://openalex.org/W2030978014","https://openalex.org/W2035576702","https://openalex.org/W2036205711","https://openalex.org/W2039077222","https://openalex.org/W2048092037","https://openalex.org/W2056700085","https://openalex.org/W2063606747","https://openalex.org/W2068178778","https://openalex.org/W2069344376","https://openalex.org/W2070186061","https://openalex.org/W2073326239","https://openalex.org/W2083226233","https://openalex.org/W2098470815","https://openalex.org/W2104859737","https://openalex.org/W2119211517","https://openalex.org/W2131665065","https://openalex.org/W2143917121","https://openalex.org/W2148732650","https://openalex.org/W2149022830","https://openalex.org/W2151741591","https://openalex.org/W2160451922","https://openalex.org/W2166671387","https://openalex.org/W2169776575","https://openalex.org/W2170219305","https://openalex.org/W2171380802","https://openalex.org/W2182089091","https://openalex.org/W2243400551","https://openalex.org/W2274106087","https://openalex.org/W2288595092","https://openalex.org/W2489282894","https://openalex.org/W2578584143","https://openalex.org/W2885280795","https://openalex.org/W2904783308","https://openalex.org/W3216928223","https://openalex.org/W4206802175"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2762335567","https://openalex.org/W7095313142","https://openalex.org/W2071757292","https://openalex.org/W6980574208","https://openalex.org/W2495452910","https://openalex.org/W155993833","https://openalex.org/W2995846449","https://openalex.org/W2185653031","https://openalex.org/W180312415","https://openalex.org/W1605646568"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"Clean":[1],"Development":[2],"Mechanism":[3],"(CDM)":[4],"of":[5,33,52,134,147],"the":[6,31,38,64,67,81,144],"Kyoto":[7],"Protocol":[8],"is":[9],"designed":[10],"to":[11,21,73,132,142],"reduce":[12],"global":[13],"CO2":[14],"emissions":[15,149],"while":[16],"transferring":[17],"technology":[18],"and":[19,35,80,98,107,123,137],"investment":[20],"developing":[22],"countries.":[23],"Little":[24],"evaluation":[25],"has":[26],"been":[27],"conducted,":[28],"however,":[29],"regarding":[30],"efficiency":[32],"outcomes":[34],"co-benefits":[36],"or":[37],"social":[39,109,138,145],"costs":[40,146],"generated":[41],"by":[42,57,115],"carbon-mitigation":[43],"projects.":[44,117],"This":[45],"article":[46],"presents":[47],"a":[48],"comparative":[49],"case":[50],"study":[51],"two":[53],"carbon-offset":[54],"projects":[55,103],"funded":[56,71],"fossil-fuel":[58],"based":[59],"power":[60],"generation":[61],"companies":[62],"in":[63,78,89,140],"United":[65],"States:":[66],"first":[68,82],"forestry":[69],"project":[70],"explicitly":[72],"offset":[74,86,96,121],"greenhouse":[75],"gas":[76],"emissions,":[77],"Guatemala,":[79],"rural":[83],"solar":[84],"electrification\u2013carbon":[85],"finance":[87],"agreement,":[88],"Sri":[90],"Lanka.":[91],"We":[92],"demonstrate":[93],"that":[94,108],"achieving":[95],"targets":[97],"development-related":[99],"benefits":[100],"from":[101,129],"CDM":[102],"cannot":[104],"be":[105,112],"assumed,":[106],"equity":[110,139],"can":[111],"negatively":[113],"impacted":[114],"CDM-type":[116],"As":[118],"such,":[119],"future":[120],"agreements":[122],"post-Kyoto":[124],"climate":[125],"negotiations":[126],"would":[127],"benefit":[128],"closer":[130],"attention":[131],"issues":[133],"context,":[135],"transparency,":[136],"order":[141],"minimize":[143],"carbon":[148],"trading.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}