{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2090632905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117195","title":"Asymptomatic Carriers of Toxigenic C. difficile in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors","display_name":"Asymptomatic Carriers of Toxigenic C. difficile in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence and Risk Factors","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2090632905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117195","mag":"2090632905","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25707002"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117195","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0117195&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0117195&type=printable","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071075117","display_name":"Panayiotis D. Ziakas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5943-8635","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5943-8635"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Panayiotis D. Ziakas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024003378","display_name":"Ioannis M. Zacharioudakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-8437","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7091-8437"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis M. Zacharioudakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076505995","display_name":"Fainareti N. Zervou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6192-7403","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6192-7403"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fainareti N. Zervou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039665455","display_name":"Christos A. Grigoras","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos Grigoras","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058338624","display_name":"Elina Eleftheria Pliakos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3345-2655","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3345-2655"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elina Eleftheria Pliakos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011903299","display_name":"Eleftherios E Mylonakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4624-0777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4624-0777"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eleftherios Mylonakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071075117"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"],"apc_list":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"apc_paid":{"value":2382,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2382},"fwci":1.6986,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":73,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81409002,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"e0117195","last_page":"e0117195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11000","display_name":"Infection Control in Healthcare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11376","display_name":"Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clostridioides-difficile","display_name":"Clostridium difficile","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asymptomatic-carriage","display_name":"asymptomatic carriage","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonization","display_name":"colonization","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-care-facilities","display_name":"long-term care facilities","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing-homes","display_name":"nursing homes","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prevalence","display_name":"prevalence","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-hospitalization","display_name":"prior hospitalization","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-use","display_name":"antimicrobial use","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effective-reproduction-number","display_name":"effective reproduction number","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infection-control","display_name":"infection control","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nosocomial-infections","display_name":"nosocomial infections","score":0.6200000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-simulation","display_name":"Monte Carlo simulation","score":0.5099999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7544742822647095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137916694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549382","display_name":"Asymptomatic carrier","level":3,"score":0.6753124594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.6141517758369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994496256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27031090","display_name":"Clostridium difficile","level":3,"score":0.6005022525787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776927270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815962","display_name":"Colonization","level":2,"score":0.5959305763244629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777910003","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707292","display_name":"Asymptomatic","level":2,"score":0.5865402221679688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.5526255369186401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32762888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235356","display_name":"Carriage","level":2,"score":0.512677788734436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.4707798361778259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3825353682041168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3690985441207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.12431356310844421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0889320969581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.07440787553787231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002353","descriptor_name":"Carrier State","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002353","descriptor_name":"Carrier State","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002353","descriptor_name":"Carrier State","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004761","descriptor_name":"Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004761","descriptor_name":"Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004761","descriptor_name":"Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004761","descriptor_name":"Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004761","descriptor_name":"Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004761","descriptor_name":"Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008134","descriptor_name":"Long-Term Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008134","descriptor_name":"Long-Term Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008134","descriptor_name":"Long-Term Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016360","descriptor_name":"Clostridioides difficile","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016360","descriptor_name":"Clostridioides difficile","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016360","descriptor_name":"Clostridioides difficile","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017053","descriptor_name":"Infection Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017053","descriptor_name":"Infection Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017053","descriptor_name":"Infection Control","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117195","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0117195&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25707002","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25707002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PloS one","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3315686","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4338134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4338134","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4338134","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS One","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dbabe3dfd632433da5b360c1e20ef608","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dbabe3dfd632433da5b360c1e20ef608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PLoS ONE, Vol 10, Iss 2, p e0117195 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/1315713","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Asymptomatic_Carriers_of_Toxigenic_C_difficile_in_Long_Term_Care_Facilities_A_Meta_Analysis_of_Prevalence_and_Risk_Factors/1315713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Dataset"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117195","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117195","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0117195","pdf_url":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0117195&type=printable","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S202381698","display_name":"PLoS ONE","issn_l":"1932-6203","issn":["1932-6203"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315706","host_organization_name":"Public Library of Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315706"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Public Library of Science"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"PLOS ONE","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308896","display_name":"Surdna Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0225ptr32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309070","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2090632905.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2090632905.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16365313","https://openalex.org/W53094614","https://openalex.org/W133814451","https://openalex.org/W1511731354","https://openalex.org/W1534363234","https://openalex.org/W1585424492","https://openalex.org/W1769288576","https://openalex.org/W1965315529","https://openalex.org/W1967412846","https://openalex.org/W1973858868","https://openalex.org/W1978914725","https://openalex.org/W1980777478","https://openalex.org/W1987762312","https://openalex.org/W1994593604","https://openalex.org/W1995612723","https://openalex.org/W1997889941","https://openalex.org/W2000815154","https://openalex.org/W2004327656","https://openalex.org/W2005501262","https://openalex.org/W2008253105","https://openalex.org/W2008853677","https://openalex.org/W2009772825","https://openalex.org/W2016607573","https://openalex.org/W2018059663","https://openalex.org/W2041345044","https://openalex.org/W2048453671","https://openalex.org/W2048733101","https://openalex.org/W2049046504","https://openalex.org/W2052812434","https://openalex.org/W2064915861","https://openalex.org/W2067396351","https://openalex.org/W2069325235","https://openalex.org/W2070764028","https://openalex.org/W2075239235","https://openalex.org/W2076172138","https://openalex.org/W2080620350","https://openalex.org/W2087239367","https://openalex.org/W2087714215","https://openalex.org/W2091320039","https://openalex.org/W2092135299","https://openalex.org/W2092850916","https://openalex.org/W2093487930","https://openalex.org/W2103376979","https://openalex.org/W2104948212","https://openalex.org/W2107328434","https://openalex.org/W2107698684","https://openalex.org/W2115174356","https://openalex.org/W2116369419","https://openalex.org/W2122111234","https://openalex.org/W2123366827","https://openalex.org/W2123927481","https://openalex.org/W2127424257","https://openalex.org/W2130002782","https://openalex.org/W2130443137","https://openalex.org/W2131938833","https://openalex.org/W2134469459","https://openalex.org/W2148998824","https://openalex.org/W2153155854","https://openalex.org/W2155278947","https://openalex.org/W2155317599","https://openalex.org/W2155800098","https://openalex.org/W2156098321","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2158185150","https://openalex.org/W2158518937","https://openalex.org/W2159344215","https://openalex.org/W2165188084","https://openalex.org/W2166660180","https://openalex.org/W2328690882","https://openalex.org/W2341427843","https://openalex.org/W2612891587","https://openalex.org/W2991792334","https://openalex.org/W4206066659"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115404062","https://openalex.org/W3034828949","https://openalex.org/W2803996263","https://openalex.org/W2981694892","https://openalex.org/W3021827535","https://openalex.org/W3044936706","https://openalex.org/W3033274679","https://openalex.org/W2897101252","https://openalex.org/W2946349818","https://openalex.org/W2566460447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"The":[1,115,273],"impact":[2,60,142,316],"of":[3,26,33,48,70,83,96,143,149,201,207,230,284,306],"Clostridium":[4],"difficile":[5,9,50,99,287],"colonization":[6,51,100,117,150,164,275],"in":[7,23,36,52,104,216,292,301],"C.":[8,49,98,209,286],"infection":[10,27,317],"(CDI)":[11],"is":[12,20,41,295],"inadequately":[13],"explored.":[14],"As":[15],"a":[16,174,289,304],"result,":[17],"asymptomatic":[18,102,205],"carriage":[19,283],"not":[21],"considered":[22],"the":[24,31,46,94,122,141,147,163,168,188,302],"development":[25],"control":[28,318],"policies":[29],"and":[30,57,68,126,151,191,253,294,310],"burden":[32,291],"carrier":[34],"state":[35],"long-term":[37],"care":[38],"facilities":[39,217],"(LTCFs)":[40],"unknown.":[42],"PURPOSE:":[43],"To":[44],"explore":[45],"epidemiology":[47],"LTCFs,":[53],"identify":[54],"predisposing":[55],"factors":[56],"describe":[58],"its":[59],"on":[61,93,146,180],"healthcare":[62],"management.":[63],"DATA":[64,106],"SOURCES:":[65],"PubMed,":[66],"Embase":[67],"Web":[69],"Science":[71],"(up":[72],"to":[73,166],"June":[74],"2014)":[75],"without":[76],"language":[77],"restriction,":[78],"complemented":[79],"by":[80],"reference":[81],"lists":[82],"eligible":[84,184],"studies.":[85],"STUDY":[86],"SELECTION:":[87],"All":[88],"studies":[89,185],"providing":[90],"extractable":[91],"data":[92,111,181],"prevalence":[95],"toxigenic":[97,208,285],"among":[101],"residents":[103,203],"LTCFs.":[105,321],"EXTRACTION:":[107],"Two":[108],"authors":[109],"extracted":[110],"independently.":[112],"STATISTICAL":[113],"METHODS:":[114],"pooled":[116],"estimates":[118,165,212],"were":[119,153,213,269],"calculated":[120],"using":[121,136],"double":[123],"arcsine":[124],"methodology":[125],"reported":[127,154],"along":[128],"with":[129,218,271,297],"their":[130],"95%":[131,159,234,246,262],"random-effects":[132],"confidence":[133],"intervals":[134],"(CIs),":[135],"DerSimonian-Laird":[137],"weights.":[138],"We":[139,161],"assessed":[140],"patient-level":[144],"covariates":[145],"risk":[148],"effects":[152],"as":[155],"odds":[156],"ratios":[157],"(OR,":[158],"CI).":[160],"used":[162],"simulate":[167],"effective":[169],"reproduction":[170],"number":[171],"R":[172],"through":[173],"Monte":[175],"Carlo":[176],"technique.":[177],"RESULTS:":[178],"Based":[179],"from":[182,239,250,266],"9":[183],"that":[186,197],"met":[187],"specified":[189],"criteria":[190],"included":[192],"1,371":[193],"subjects,":[194],"we":[195],"found":[196],"14.8%":[198],"(95%CI":[199],"7.6%-24.0%)":[200],"LTCF":[202],"are":[204],"carriers":[206],"difficile.":[210],"Colonization":[211],"significantly":[214],"higher":[215],"prior":[219,242,298,308],"CDI":[220,231,299],"outbreak":[221],"(30.1%":[222],"vs.":[223],"6.5%,":[224],"p":[225],"=":[226],"0.01).":[227],"Patient":[228],"history":[229,305],"(OR":[232,244,260],"6.07;":[233],"CI":[235,247,263],"2.06-17.88;":[236],"effect":[237],"derived":[238,249,265],"3":[240,251,258],"studies),":[241],"hospitalization":[243,309],"2.11;":[245],"1.08-4.13;":[248],"studies)":[252,268],"antimicrobial":[254,311],"use":[255],"within":[256],"previous":[257],"months":[259],"3.68;":[261],"2.04-6.62;":[264],"4":[267],"associated":[270,296],"colonization.":[272],"predicted":[274],"rate":[276],"at":[277,320],"admission":[278],"was":[279],"8.9%.":[280],"CONCLUSION:":[281],"Asymptomatic":[282],"represents":[288],"significant":[290],"LTCFs":[293],"outbreaks":[300],"facility,":[303],"CDI,":[307],"use.":[312],"These":[313],"findings":[314],"can":[315],"measures":[319]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}