{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2089948859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/xlviii.2.207","title":"Outside the Mainstream: Women's Religion and Women Religious Leaders in Nineteenth-Century America","display_name":"Outside the Mainstream: Women's Religion and Women Religious Leaders in Nineteenth-Century America","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2089948859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/xlviii.2.207","mag":"2089948859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jaarel/xlviii.2.207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/xlviii.2.207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/xlviii.2.207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173718193","display_name":"Journal of the American Academy of Religion","issn_l":"0002-7189","issn":["0002-7189","1477-4585"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Academy of Religion","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054342332","display_name":"Mary Farrell Bednarowski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mary Farrell Bednarowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["(Ph.D., Minnesota) is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies and Director of the Master of Arts in Religious Studies Program at United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities. She is the author of \u201cNineteenth-Century Spiritualism in Wisconsin\u201d ( The Wisconsin Magazine of History )"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"(Ph.D., Minnesota) is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies and Director of the Master of Arts in Religious Studies Program at United Theological Seminary of the Twin Cities. She is the author of \u201cNineteenth-Century Spiritualism in Wisconsin\u201d ( The Wisconsin Magazine of History )","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054342332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3390,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3390},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29407115,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"XLVIII","issue":"2","first_page":"207","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14426","display_name":"Religion, Gender, and Enlightenment","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14426","display_name":"Religion, Gender, and Enlightenment","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13005","display_name":"Religious Studies and Spiritual Practices","score":0.022199999541044235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13750","display_name":"Mormonism, Religion, and History","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-religion","display_name":"women's religion","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-religious-leaders","display_name":"women religious leaders","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shakerism","display_name":"Shakerism","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spiritualism","display_name":"spiritualism","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/christian-science","display_name":"Christian Science","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theosophy","display_name":"Theosophy","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-clergy","display_name":"women clergy","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ordination","display_name":"ordination","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-and-marriage","display_name":"gender and marriage","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feminist-theology","display_name":"feminist theology","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nineteenth-century-america","display_name":"nineteenth-century United States","score":0.6890000104904175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780900520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100268981","display_name":"Denial","level":2,"score":0.7983440160751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.7796921133995056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.7434884309768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.6213760375976562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543223122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829348","display_name":"Spiritualism","level":3,"score":0.48328855633735657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.46242421865463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24667770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34187","display_name":"Religious studies","level":1,"score":0.37621504068374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2634933292865753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24396595358848572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20496979355812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.2017720341682434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.07925352454185486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jaarel/xlviii.2.207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/xlviii.2.207","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/xlviii.2.207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S173718193","display_name":"Journal of the American Academy of Religion","issn_l":"0002-7189","issn":["0002-7189","1477-4585"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Academy of Religion","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306100","display_name":"National Endowment for the Humanities","ror":"https://ror.org/02vdm1p28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309636","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/03grvy078"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582654018","https://openalex.org/W611647671","https://openalex.org/W650399327","https://openalex.org/W1525486851","https://openalex.org/W1562322059","https://openalex.org/W1573575830","https://openalex.org/W1965600437","https://openalex.org/W1967269980","https://openalex.org/W1973129809","https://openalex.org/W1984342989","https://openalex.org/W2050716333","https://openalex.org/W2071450337","https://openalex.org/W2081810651","https://openalex.org/W2130013272","https://openalex.org/W2216324947","https://openalex.org/W2322132908"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2085595572","https://openalex.org/W4388383863","https://openalex.org/W2325143371","https://openalex.org/W1968731286","https://openalex.org/W2013818947","https://openalex.org/W7112012645","https://openalex.org/W2485169911","https://openalex.org/W3111190231","https://openalex.org/W4241834815","https://openalex.org/W6931026126"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,147],"order":[1],"to":[2,17,60,63,78,83],"understand":[3],"fully":[4],"the":[5,19,28,31,35,38,41,46,64,98,102,110,113,119,141,157,160,172,178,188,201,205],"status":[6],"of":[7,30,37,43,66,97,109,112,118,130,150,211],"women":[8,175,197],"in":[9,163,204],"a":[10,80,95,105,116,122,128],"particular":[11,161],"religious":[12,54,71],"tradition,":[13],"it":[14],"is":[15],"helpful":[16],"consider":[18],"views":[20],"held":[21,51],"within":[22,177],"that":[23,100,136],"tradition":[24],"on":[25,56,187,199],"four":[26,179,206],"topics.":[27],"character":[29],"divine,":[32],"human":[33],"nature,":[34],"function":[36],"clergy,":[39,125],"and":[40,126,138,155,170,193,198],"nature":[42],"marriage.":[44],"While":[45],"assumptions":[47],"which":[48,76,132,164,174],"have":[49,73,79],"been":[50],"by":[52,93],"mainstream":[53],"groups":[55,90],"these":[57,167],"topics":[58],"appear":[59],"be":[61],"linked":[62],"absence":[65],"female":[67],"leadership,":[68],"certain":[69],"marginal":[70,89],"movements":[72,207],"taken":[74],"positions":[75,169],"seem":[77],"positive":[81],"relation":[82],"leadership":[84,194],"roles":[85,144,173,195],"for":[86,121,145,196],"women.":[87,146],"These":[88],"are":[91,140],"characterized":[92],"(1)":[94],"perception":[96],"divine":[99],"deemphasizes":[101],"masculine,":[103],"(2)":[104],"tempering":[106],"or":[107],"denial":[108,117],"doctrine":[111,192],"Fall,":[114],"(3)":[115],"need":[120],"traditional":[123],"ordained":[124],"(4)":[127],"view":[129],"marriage":[131,137],"does":[133],"not":[134],"hold":[135],"motherhood":[139],"only":[142],"acceptable":[143],"this":[148],"analysis":[149],"Shakerism,":[151],"Spiritualism,":[152],"Christian":[153],"Science,":[154],"Theosophy,":[156],"author":[158],"examines":[159],"manner":[162],"each":[165],"manifested":[166],"doctrinal":[168],"explores":[171],"occupied":[176],"groups.":[180],"The":[181],"article":[182],"concludes":[183],"with":[184],"some":[185],"observations":[186],"causal":[189],"relationship":[190],"between":[191],"how":[200],"concerns":[202],"expressed":[203],"discussed":[208],"parallel":[209],"those":[210],"contemporary":[212],"feminist":[213],"theol":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}