{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2089547465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","title":"Quality Assurance in the German School System","display_name":"Quality Assurance in the German School System","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2089547465","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","mag":"2089547465"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83170543","display_name":"European Educational Research Journal","issn_l":"1474-9041","issn":["1474-9041"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Educational Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034042508","display_name":"Stephan Gerhard Huber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6458-9163","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6458-9163"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20431382","display_name":"University of Erfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/03606hw36","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20431382"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Gerhard Huber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Teacher Training University of Central Switzerland (PHZ) Zug, Switzerland and University of Erfurt, Federal Republic of Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Teacher Training University of Central Switzerland (PHZ) Zug, Switzerland and University of Erfurt, Federal Republic of Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20431382"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082871724","display_name":"Bettina G\u00f6rdel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20431382","display_name":"University of Erfurt","ror":"https://ror.org/03606hw36","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20431382"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bettina G\u00f6rdel","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Erfurt, Federal Republic of Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Erfurt, Federal Republic of Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20431382"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034042508"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20431382"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3718,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91655087,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"3-4","first_page":"196","last_page":"209"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13405","display_name":"Educational Assessment and Improvement","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11300","display_name":"Global Educational Policies and Reforms","score":0.033399999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13564","display_name":"Education and Public Policy","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-quality-assurance","display_name":"school quality assurance","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-supervision","display_name":"school supervision","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-self-management","display_name":"school self-management","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-management-of-schools","display_name":"local management of schools","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-decentralization","display_name":"decentralization of education","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-inspection","display_name":"school inspection","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-assessment","display_name":"educational assessment","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pisa","display_name":"PISA","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timss","display_name":"TIMSS","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pirls","display_name":"PIRLS","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-professionalization","display_name":"teacher professionalization","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-states","display_name":"German states","score":0.4519999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-federalism","display_name":"federalism in education","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-system-reform","display_name":"school system reform","score":0.47200000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.8258113861083984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5220746397972107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201289532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q608513","display_name":"Quality management system","level":4,"score":0.4942927360534668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.47979384660720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992029382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080794","display_name":"School system","level":2,"score":0.420432984828949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198783460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629173","display_name":"Management system","level":2,"score":0.39643505215644836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.37581050395965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.3650624752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3497426509857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.284157395362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71405471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757012","display_name":"Quality management","level":3,"score":0.27299219369888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21811917424201965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20383933186531067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.1803375780582428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.098408043384552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83170543","display_name":"European Educational Research Journal","issn_l":"1474-9041","issn":["1474-9041"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Educational Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","pdf_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2304/eerj.2006.5.3.196","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83170543","display_name":"European Educational Research Journal","issn_l":"1474-9041","issn":["1474-9041"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Educational Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2089547465.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2089547465.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34626280","https://openalex.org/W338268804","https://openalex.org/W403891473","https://openalex.org/W591541691","https://openalex.org/W623724850","https://openalex.org/W623850869","https://openalex.org/W979248588","https://openalex.org/W1505305258","https://openalex.org/W1516905629","https://openalex.org/W1549759945","https://openalex.org/W1588094645","https://openalex.org/W1985506440","https://openalex.org/W2040085666","https://openalex.org/W2488380475","https://openalex.org/W2773205984","https://openalex.org/W2889908182","https://openalex.org/W3099283293","https://openalex.org/W3114179855","https://openalex.org/W4251330405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3029890568","https://openalex.org/W4385414360","https://openalex.org/W2801574986","https://openalex.org/W996756683","https://openalex.org/W2242054279","https://openalex.org/W1595581498","https://openalex.org/W4248425234","https://openalex.org/W2315605179","https://openalex.org/W2995188923","https://openalex.org/W6912751406"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Whereas":[0],"internationally":[1],"the":[2,12,27,53,59,67,70,76,87,96,104,119,171,175,184,187,210,219,223],"shift":[3],"towards":[4,292],"quality":[5,214],"control":[6,215,253],"of":[7,52,58,69,79,138,148,153,166,186,190,213,222,251,258,276],"school":[8,120,167,224,228,259,277,290],"systems":[9],"started":[10,132],"in":[11,24,26,50,82,89,106,140,177,195],"early":[13],"1980s,":[14],"mainly":[15],"promoted":[16],"by":[17,123],"transnational":[18],"agencies,":[19],"this":[20,178,252,274],"development":[21],"only":[22],"began":[23],"Germany":[25,279],"mid":[28],"1990s.":[29],"However,":[30],"a":[31,40,261],"clear-cut":[32],"change":[33],"from":[34],"an":[35,162,256],"input-controlled":[36],"and":[37,44,92,103,183,242,270,288],"centralised":[38,287],"to":[39,113,143,161,170,283],"more":[41,64,293],"output-controlled,":[42],"decentralised":[43],"deregulated":[45],"supervision":[46],"system":[47,165,212,235,254,291],"was":[48],"initiated":[49],"most":[51],"German":[54,60,80,129],"L\u00e4nder":[55,130,197],"(the":[56],"states":[57],"Federal":[61],"Republic)":[62],"no":[63],"than":[65],"at":[66,296],"beginning":[68,282],"new":[71,211],"century.":[72],"Main":[73],"triggers":[74],"were":[75],"sobering":[77],"results":[78],"pupils":[81],"international":[83],"assessment":[84,232],"tests":[85,233],"like":[86],"Trends":[88],"International":[90,99,107],"Mathematics":[91],"Science":[93],"Study":[94,110],"(TIMSS),":[95],"Programme":[97],"for":[98,234,267],"Student":[100],"Assessment":[101],"(PISA),":[102],"Progress":[105],"Reading":[108],"Literacy":[109],"(PIRLS)":[111],"compared":[112],"other":[114],"countries":[115],"which":[116,209,264],"regularly":[117],"assessed":[118],"system's":[121],"performance":[122],"various":[124],"means.":[125],"Now,":[126],"all":[127,196],"16":[128],"have":[131],"model":[133],"projects":[134],"with":[135,238],"certain":[136],"groups":[137],"schools":[139,149,154,191],"each":[141],"state":[142],"try":[144],"out":[145],"how":[146],"self-managing":[147,262,294],"or":[150],"local":[151,188],"management":[152,189],"works.":[155],"They":[156],"are":[157,192],"on":[158,208],"their":[159],"way":[160],"output-controlled":[163],"steering":[164],"quality.":[168],"Due":[169],"federal":[172],"constitutional":[173],"system,":[174],"progression":[176],"regard":[179],"is":[180,216,255,265,280],"differently":[181],"advanced":[182],"characteristics":[185],"manifold.":[193],"Nevertheless,":[194],"several":[198],"concurrent":[199],"aspects":[200],"can":[201],"be":[202],"identified.":[203],"The":[204,249],"five":[205],"structural":[206],"components":[207],"based":[217],"are:":[218],"traditional":[220],"tasks":[221],"supervisory":[225],"authorities,":[226],"external":[227],"inspections,":[229],"internal":[230],"self-evaluations,":[231],"monitoring":[236],"combined":[237],"regular":[239],"educational":[240],"reports,":[241],"last":[243],"but":[244],"not":[245],"least,":[246],"teacher":[247],"professionalisation.":[248],"fundament":[250],"understanding":[257],"as":[260],"organisation,":[263],"responsible":[266],"educational,":[268],"financial,":[269],"personnel":[271],"matters.":[272],"In":[273],"area":[275],"self-management,":[278],"just":[281],"reform":[284],"its":[285,297],"highly":[286],"regulated":[289],"structures":[295],"base.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}