{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2089286237","doi":null,"title":"China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900","display_name":"China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2089286237","mag":"2089286237"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2089286237","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA2505970X","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"book","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042841677","display_name":"R. J. Rummel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. J. Rummel","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042841677"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8936,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":95,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9256662,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12493","display_name":"Memory, violence, and history","score":0.4832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12493","display_name":"Memory, violence, and history","score":0.4832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10893","display_name":"Chinese history and philosophy","score":0.30000001192092896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.1550000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genocide","display_name":"genocide","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-killings","display_name":"mass murder","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chinese-history","display_name":"Chinese history","score":0.5699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arbitrary-power","display_name":"arbitrary power","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-violence","display_name":"political violence","score":0.5},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nationalist-china","display_name":"Nationalist China","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-s-republic-of-china","display_name":"People's Republic of China","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warlordism","display_name":"warlordism","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-persecution","display_name":"ethnic persecution","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tibet","display_name":"Tibet","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agrarian-reform","display_name":"land reform","score":0.5049999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.6305420398712158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.6003272533416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5421231389045715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5108182430267334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204342414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41397","display_name":"Genocide","level":2,"score":0.499086856842041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.463931143283844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4473079741001129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.41513362526893616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5616717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310","display_name":"Nazism","level":3,"score":0.41389793157577515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.40050458908081055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.34645235538482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2089286237","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA2505970X","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4244141100","https://openalex.org/W4381745098","https://openalex.org/W1985976443","https://openalex.org/W2908410670","https://openalex.org/W7038127686","https://openalex.org/W2889500977","https://openalex.org/W6991183697","https://openalex.org/W4233262128","https://openalex.org/W7033257018","https://openalex.org/W2100508923"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Except":[0],"for":[1,181,310],"Soviet":[2,134],"citizens,":[3],"no":[4,295],"people":[5],"in":[6,35,79,123,132,201,266,275,280,286,315,322,358],"this":[7,293,316],"century":[8],"have":[9,16,20,47,61],"endured":[10],"so":[11],"much":[12],"mass":[13,127,333],"killing":[14],"as":[15,129],"the":[17,33,38,71,80,84,96,119,125,133,144,166,175,186,215,218,222,225,239,257,267,270,284,319],"Chinese.":[18],"They":[19,46,60],"been":[21,48,62],"murdered":[22],"by":[23,41,50,64,283],"rebels":[24],"conniving":[25],"with":[26,205,242,337],"their":[27,182,243,341],"own":[28,183],"rulers,":[29],"and":[30,113,136,151,164,224,245,255,260,305,332,340,355,361],"then,":[31],"after":[32],"defeat":[34],"war":[36],"of":[37,43,56,95,99,177,217,227,272,312,326,329,349],"imperial":[39],"dynasty,":[40],"soldiers":[42],"other":[44],"lands.":[45],"killed":[49,274],"warlords":[51],"who":[52],"ruled":[53],"one":[54,120,287,296,323],"part":[55,249],"China":[57],"or":[58,66,74,76,194,279,282,290],"another.":[59],"executed":[63],"Nationalists":[65,285],"Communists":[67],"because":[68],"they":[69],"had":[70],"wrong":[72,81,85],"beliefs":[73],"attitudes":[75],"were":[77],"simply":[78],"place":[82],"at":[83,174],"time.":[86],"In":[87],"China's":[313],"Bloody":[89],"Century,":[90],"R.J.":[91],"Rummel's":[92],"careful":[93],"estimate":[94],"total":[97],"number":[98,271],"killings":[100,228,309],"exceeds":[101],"5":[102],"million.":[103],"How":[104],"do":[105],"we":[106],"explain":[107],"such":[108,159],"killings,":[109],"crossing":[110],"ideological":[111],"bounds":[112],"political":[114],"conditions?":[115],"According":[116],"to":[117,179,299,352],"Rummel,":[118],"constant":[121],"factor":[122,145],"all":[124,311],"Chinese":[126,203,273,330],"murder,":[128],"it":[130,170],"was":[131,143],"Union":[135],"Nazi":[137],"Germany,":[138],"is":[139,162,188],"arbitrary":[140],"power.":[141],"It":[142],"that":[146,157,169,253],"united":[147],"warlords,":[148],"Nationalists,":[149],"Communists,":[150],"foreign":[152],"armies.":[153],"The":[154,196,247],"author":[155],"argues":[156],"whenever":[158],"undisciplined":[160],"power":[161],"centralized":[163],"unchecked,":[165],"possibility":[167],"exists":[168],"will":[171,347],"be":[172,348],"used":[173],"whim":[176],"dictators":[178],"kill":[180],"ends,":[184],"whether":[185],"aim":[187],"ethnic-racial":[189],"purity,":[190],"national":[191],"unity,":[192],"development,":[193],"utopia.":[195],"book":[197,294,346],"presents":[198],"successive":[199],"periods":[200],"modern":[202],"history,":[204],"each":[206],"chapter":[207],"divided":[208],"into":[209],"three":[210],"parts.":[211],"Rummel":[212],"first":[213,320],"relates":[214],"history":[216],"period":[219],"within":[220],"which":[221],"nature":[223],"amount":[226],"are":[229,264,335],"presented.":[230,344],"He":[231],"then":[232],"provides":[233],"a":[234],"detailed":[235],"statistical":[236,258],"table":[237],"giving":[238],"basic":[240],"estimates":[241,263,328],"sources":[244],"qualifications.":[246],"final":[248],"offers":[250],"an":[251],"appendix":[252],"explains":[254],"elaborates":[256],"computations":[259],"estimates.":[261],"While":[262],"available":[265],"literature":[268],"on":[269],"Communist":[276],"land":[277],"reform,":[278],"Tibet,":[281],"military":[288],"campaign":[289],"another,":[291],"until":[292],"has":[297],"tried":[298],"systematically":[300],"accumulate,":[301],"organize,":[302],"add":[303],"up,":[304],"analyze":[306],"these":[307],"diverse":[308],"governments":[314],"century.":[317],"For":[318],"time":[321],"place,":[324],"hundreds":[325],"published":[327],"genocide":[331],"murder":[334],"listed":[336],"sources,":[338],"analyzed,":[339],"historical":[342],"context":[343],"This":[345],"central":[350],"interest":[351],"Sinologists,":[353],"Sovietologists,":[354],"those":[356],"interested":[357],"comparative":[359],"politics":[360],"society.":[362]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-25T09:29:13.331239","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
