{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2088998259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1983.39-345","title":"ANOTHER LOOK AT CONTRAST IN MULTIPLE SCHEDULES","display_name":"ANOTHER LOOK AT CONTRAST IN MULTIPLE SCHEDULES","publication_year":1983,"publication_date":"1983-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2088998259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1983.39-345","mag":"2088998259","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16812325","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1347926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1901/jeab.1983.39-345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1983.39-345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1983.39-345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168850678","display_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","issn_l":"0022-5002","issn":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1347926","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103420950","display_name":"Ben A. Williams","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ben A. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":["UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103420950"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.0721,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":203,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9884037,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"2","first_page":"345","last_page":"384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.7103999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10826","display_name":"Behavioral and Psychological Studies","score":0.7103999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.14309999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.04610000178217888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-schedules","display_name":"multiple schedules","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoshaping","display_name":"autoshaping","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conditioned-reinforcement","display_name":"conditioned reinforcement","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-asymmetry","display_name":"time asymmetry","score":0.6899999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.9169026613235474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188353592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q450586","display_name":"Expectancy theory","level":2,"score":0.6913565397262573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5845416784286499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5115836262702942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4545610547065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4534884989261627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97508593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359069","display_name":"Contingency","level":2,"score":0.4260883927345276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.42297476530075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.41463586688041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2439754605293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.22052320837974548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1746307909488678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1901/jeab.1983.39-345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1983.39-345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1983.39-345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168850678","display_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","issn_l":"0022-5002","issn":["0022-5002","1938-3711"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1347926","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1347926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Exp Anal Behav","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:16812325","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16812325","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:1347926","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1347926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Exp Anal Behav","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":137,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189102628","https://openalex.org/W279210805","https://openalex.org/W573118418","https://openalex.org/W597141119","https://openalex.org/W647895460","https://openalex.org/W654983931","https://openalex.org/W1574312545","https://openalex.org/W1603790047","https://openalex.org/W1963686509","https://openalex.org/W1965888412","https://openalex.org/W1966947520","https://openalex.org/W1968146258","https://openalex.org/W1969202586","https://openalex.org/W1970127456","https://openalex.org/W1973716447","https://openalex.org/W1979514045","https://openalex.org/W1980056120","https://openalex.org/W1981892189","https://openalex.org/W1982407251","https://openalex.org/W1982749009","https://openalex.org/W1982774147","https://openalex.org/W1983386970","https://openalex.org/W1984254152","https://openalex.org/W1987538060","https://openalex.org/W1990040486","https://openalex.org/W1990193495","https://openalex.org/W1995497781","https://openalex.org/W1997125547","https://openalex.org/W1997670488","https://openalex.org/W1998221887","https://openalex.org/W1998633514","https://openalex.org/W1998807303","https://openalex.org/W1998841834","https://openalex.org/W1998925622","https://openalex.org/W1999884286","https://openalex.org/W2000838023","https://openalex.org/W2004259164","https://openalex.org/W2009104517","https://openalex.org/W2010565220","https://openalex.org/W2014922317","https://openalex.org/W2018621620","https://openalex.org/W2020994029","https://openalex.org/W2022322611","https://openalex.org/W2022595380","https://openalex.org/W2024136827","https://openalex.org/W2026455524","https://openalex.org/W2030579251","https://openalex.org/W2031908639","https://openalex.org/W2032043539","https://openalex.org/W2032046909","https://openalex.org/W2032559379","https://openalex.org/W2032759633","https://openalex.org/W2033080621","https://openalex.org/W2033385901","https://openalex.org/W2034493318","https://openalex.org/W2034900494","https://openalex.org/W2035291912","https://openalex.org/W2037914450","https://openalex.org/W2038460915","https://openalex.org/W2045204515","https://openalex.org/W2046625180","https://openalex.org/W2050638206","https://openalex.org/W2051269780","https://openalex.org/W2054542624","https://openalex.org/W2056756870","https://openalex.org/W2058059259","https://openalex.org/W2058410307","https://openalex.org/W2060694206","https://openalex.org/W2062516968","https://openalex.org/W2063613088","https://openalex.org/W2063993552","https://openalex.org/W2068825489","https://openalex.org/W2069257812","https://openalex.org/W2069569545","https://openalex.org/W2071379625","https://openalex.org/W2071826300","https://openalex.org/W2072797670","https://openalex.org/W2073104590","https://openalex.org/W2073284830","https://openalex.org/W2075195936","https://openalex.org/W2075362170","https://openalex.org/W2076150110","https://openalex.org/W2077351766","https://openalex.org/W2079499699","https://openalex.org/W2079501383","https://openalex.org/W2079826815","https://openalex.org/W2080444516","https://openalex.org/W2080644454","https://openalex.org/W2081407533","https://openalex.org/W2081964929","https://openalex.org/W2082180143","https://openalex.org/W2082430497","https://openalex.org/W2082461441","https://openalex.org/W2083811259","https://openalex.org/W2084106649","https://openalex.org/W2084545974","https://openalex.org/W2086149495","https://openalex.org/W2086387113","https://openalex.org/W2087585530","https://openalex.org/W2090025941","https://openalex.org/W2091064460","https://openalex.org/W2091439722","https://openalex.org/W2098860469","https://openalex.org/W2100162904","https://openalex.org/W2103941164","https://openalex.org/W2107020236","https://openalex.org/W2110068330","https://openalex.org/W2116554303","https://openalex.org/W2117857250","https://openalex.org/W2119601051","https://openalex.org/W2119649726","https://openalex.org/W2124216270","https://openalex.org/W2137269936","https://openalex.org/W2139420917","https://openalex.org/W2141970561","https://openalex.org/W2141982882","https://openalex.org/W2144683222","https://openalex.org/W2150653781","https://openalex.org/W2152146755","https://openalex.org/W2159306596","https://openalex.org/W2160085786","https://openalex.org/W2161129224","https://openalex.org/W2161676361","https://openalex.org/W2161914675","https://openalex.org/W2162733293","https://openalex.org/W2162998102","https://openalex.org/W2167766706","https://openalex.org/W2169483107","https://openalex.org/W2170172010","https://openalex.org/W2170370186","https://openalex.org/W2321275134","https://openalex.org/W2326931347","https://openalex.org/W2327780266","https://openalex.org/W2335773667","https://openalex.org/W2483625864","https://openalex.org/W4207080468","https://openalex.org/W4244478977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207054073","https://openalex.org/W2037623025","https://openalex.org/W1986966720","https://openalex.org/W1968146258","https://openalex.org/W2079078360","https://openalex.org/W2140554694","https://openalex.org/W1987654740","https://openalex.org/W3216045043","https://openalex.org/W2031599994","https://openalex.org/W121317054"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"research":[1],"on":[2],"multiple":[3],"schedule":[4,172,187],"interactions":[5,173],"is":[6,32,100,114,129],"reviewed.":[7],"Contrary":[8],"to":[9,42,61,73,94,117,131],"formulations":[10,53],"that":[11,146,171,184],"view":[12],"contrast":[13],"as":[14],"the":[15,22,28,33,69,78,87,118,124,158,180],"result":[16],"of":[17,36,45,68,77,80,86,89,105,112,121,136,142,150,161,182],"elicited":[18],"behavior":[19],"controlled":[20],"by":[21,102,107,109],"stimulus-reinforcer":[23,46],"contingency":[24],"(e.g.,":[25],"additivity":[26],"theory),":[27],"major":[29],"controlling":[30],"variable":[31],"relative":[34],"rate":[35,111,120],"reinforcement,":[37,144],"which":[38,110],"cannot":[39],"be":[40,74,95],"reduced":[41],"some":[43],"combination":[44],"and":[47,57,138],"response-reinforcer":[48],"effects.":[49],"Other":[50],"recent":[51,133,168],"theoretical":[52],"are":[54,59,174],"also":[55],"reviewed":[56],"all":[58],"found":[60],"face":[62],"serious":[63],"counterevidence.":[64],"The":[65],"best":[66],"description":[67,164],"available":[70],"data":[71],"continues":[72],"in":[75,123],"terms":[76],"\"context":[79],"reinforcement,\"":[81,108],"but":[82],"Herrnstein's":[83],"(1970)":[84],"formulation":[85],"basis":[88],"such":[90,162],"context":[91],"effects":[92],"appears":[93],"inadequate.":[96],"An":[97],"alternative":[98],"conception":[99,128],"provided":[101],"Catania's":[103],"concept":[104],"\"inhibition":[106],"responding":[113],"inversely":[115],"related":[116,130],"average":[119],"reinforcement":[122,183],"situation.":[125],"Such":[126],"a":[127,147,163,186],"Gibbon's":[132],"scalar-expectancy":[134],"account":[135],"autoshaping":[137],"Fantino's":[139],"delay-reduction":[140],"model":[141],"conditioned":[143],"suggesting":[145],"common":[148],"set":[149],"principles":[151],"determines":[152],"several":[153],"diverse":[154],"conditioning":[155],"phenomena.":[156],"However,":[157],"empirical":[159],"status":[160],"remains":[165],"uncertain,":[166],"because":[167],"evidence":[169],"shows":[170],"temporally":[175],"asymmetric,":[176],"depending":[177],"primarily":[178],"upon":[179],"conditions":[181],"follow":[185],"component.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
