{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2088323328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010","title":"Sources of Variation and Bias in Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy","display_name":"Sources of Variation and Bias in Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2088323328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010","mag":"2088323328","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14757617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119722071","display_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0003-4819","issn":["0003-4819","1539-3704"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316812","host_organization_name":"American College of Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316812"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American College of Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1286647","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077388783","display_name":"Penny F. Whiting","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1138-5682","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1138-5682"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Penny Whiting","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046058749","display_name":"Anne WS Rutjes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9782-779X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9782-779X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anne W.S. Rutjes","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007039126","display_name":"Johannes B. Reitsma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4026-4345","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4026-4345"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johannes B. Reitsma","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033778292","display_name":"Afina S. Glas","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afina S. Glas","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061726857","display_name":"Patrick M. Bossuyt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4427-0128","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4427-0128"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick M.M. Bossuyt","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065584931","display_name":"Jos Kleijnen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2787-7091","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2787-7091","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8413-2366"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52099693","display_name":"University of York","ror":"https://ror.org/04m01e293","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52099693"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["GB","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos Kleijnen","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the University of York, York, United Kingdom, and the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52099693","https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0333,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":805,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97938144,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"140","issue":"3","first_page":"189","last_page":"202"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14374","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Epidemiology","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13309","display_name":"Reliability and Agreement in Measurement","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-accuracy","display_name":"diagnostic accuracy","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bias","display_name":"bias","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variations","display_name":"variations","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verification-bias","display_name":"verification bias","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/review-bias","display_name":"review bias","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-prevalence","display_name":"disease prevalence","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-severity","display_name":"disease severity","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer-variability","display_name":"observer variability","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reference-materials","display_name":"reference materials","score":0.8600000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-performance","display_name":"diagnostic performance","score":0.4749999940395355}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7831401824951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.7676864862442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780439572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919364","display_name":"Publication bias","level":3,"score":0.7148625254631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88629717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17056323","display_name":"Information bias","level":3,"score":0.6112940311431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5761284232139587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.5717035531997681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.5347819328308105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.47213274240493774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.4674229323863983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136206449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3556841","display_name":"Reporting bias","level":3,"score":0.44184350967407227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.41056862473487854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.13054290413856506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015982","descriptor_name":"Bias","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019937","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S119722071","display_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","issn_l":"0003-4819","issn":["0003-4819","1539-3704"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316812","host_organization_name":"American College of Physicians","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316812"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American College of Physicians"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Internal Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14757617","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14757617","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of internal medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/823c97de-4194-4b62-b656-6e7eba291736","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/823c97de-4194-4b62-b656-6e7eba291736","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Whiting, P, Rutjes, A W S, Reitsma, J B, Glas, A S, Bossuyt, P M M & Kleijnen, J 2004, 'Sources of variation and bias in studies of diagnostic accuracy : a systematic review', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 189-202.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1000.6695","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1000.6695","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://annals.org/data/Journals/AIM/20058/0000605-200402030-00010.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:amcpub:oai:pure.amc.nl:publications/8b839b44-f7fa-4b8f-b781-49556eb96159","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.amc.nl/en/publications/sources-of-variation-and-bias-in-studies-of-diagnostic-accuracy-a-systematic-review(8b839b44-f7fa-4b8f-b781-49556eb96159).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401843","display_name":"Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1322597698","host_organization_name":"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1322597698"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Annals of internal medicine, 140(3), 189 - 202. American College of Physicians","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1286647","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1286647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.amsterdamumc.nl:openaire_cris_publications/c1de284b-3a22-40fc-aa6a-2c087216e42a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.amsterdamumc.nl/en/publications/c1de284b-3a22-40fc-aa6a-2c087216e42a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055222","display_name":"Pure Amsterdam UMC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Whiting, P, Rutjes, A W S, Reitsma, J B, Glas, A S, Bossuyt, P M M & Kleijnen, J 2004, 'Sources of variation and bias in studies of diagnostic accuracy: a systematic review', Annals of internal medicine, vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 189-202.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/cbcee6db-8c47-4a78-91dd-e135097a9185","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/cbcee6db-8c47-4a78-91dd-e135097a9185","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055359","display_name":"Explore Bristol Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Whiting, PF, Rutjes, AWS, Reitsma, JB, Glas, A, Bossuyt, PM & Kleijnen, J 2004, 'Sources of Variation and Bias in Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy: a Systematic Review', Annals of Internal Medicine, vol. 140 (3), pp. 189 - 202. < http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/140/3/189 >","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unimore.it:11380/1286647","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1286647","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400718","display_name":"IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122346577","host_organization_name":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122346577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5683000087738037,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W312998990","https://openalex.org/W1498589284","https://openalex.org/W1529153994","https://openalex.org/W1577744819","https://openalex.org/W1843962349","https://openalex.org/W1964333112","https://openalex.org/W1967414863","https://openalex.org/W1969683745","https://openalex.org/W1971348077","https://openalex.org/W1974867604","https://openalex.org/W1976095816","https://openalex.org/W1982890131","https://openalex.org/W1984017375","https://openalex.org/W1984992264","https://openalex.org/W1985408831","https://openalex.org/W1986402376","https://openalex.org/W1986473748","https://openalex.org/W1987545571","https://openalex.org/W1992466907","https://openalex.org/W1992786918","https://openalex.org/W1994832294","https://openalex.org/W1996987136","https://openalex.org/W1997022625","https://openalex.org/W2000001886","https://openalex.org/W2002891343","https://openalex.org/W2004084637","https://openalex.org/W2010120422","https://openalex.org/W2010995092","https://openalex.org/W2017758946","https://openalex.org/W2025599839","https://openalex.org/W2028280324","https://openalex.org/W2037510063","https://openalex.org/W2042947293","https://openalex.org/W2044487250","https://openalex.org/W2045816935","https://openalex.org/W2046811894","https://openalex.org/W2047984480","https://openalex.org/W2048628840","https://openalex.org/W2057163274","https://openalex.org/W2065480670","https://openalex.org/W2065880668","https://openalex.org/W2077184720","https://openalex.org/W2085081230","https://openalex.org/W2088724740","https://openalex.org/W2105574076","https://openalex.org/W2105862813","https://openalex.org/W2119151758","https://openalex.org/W2132428301","https://openalex.org/W2137627867","https://openalex.org/W2141324832","https://openalex.org/W2146061872","https://openalex.org/W2150275608","https://openalex.org/W2159465923","https://openalex.org/W2160096827","https://openalex.org/W2171429333","https://openalex.org/W2277662797","https://openalex.org/W2315575417","https://openalex.org/W2339926369","https://openalex.org/W4240633790","https://openalex.org/W4256050869"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7074153463","https://openalex.org/W2048652276","https://openalex.org/W7099347966","https://openalex.org/W2129152887","https://openalex.org/W2312619920","https://openalex.org/W2013745961","https://openalex.org/W2742007356","https://openalex.org/W2549439985","https://openalex.org/W2130082748","https://openalex.org/W2134830845"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Studies":[1,87],"of":[2,10,20,29,32,53,67,92,98,142,173,188,205,218,237],"diagnostic":[3,54,81,219],"accuracy":[4,55,220],"are":[5],"subject":[6],"to":[7,46,224],"different":[8],"sources":[9,31],"bias":[11,33,47,93,143,225],"and":[12,34,61,63,72,74,94,111,131,144,153,161,163,183,208,216,235],"variation":[13,49,95,145],"than":[14],"studies":[15,221],"that":[16,43,88],"evaluate":[17],"the":[18,27,39,51,64,68,75,90,186,214,229,233],"effectiveness":[19],"an":[21],"intervention.":[22],"Little":[23],"is":[24,240],"known":[25],"about":[26,232],"effects":[28,91,141],"these":[30,238],"variation.":[35,165],"PURPOSE:":[36],"To":[37],"summarize":[38],"evidence":[40,189,231],"on":[41,96],"factors":[42],"can":[44,222],"lead":[45,223],"or":[48,176,226],"in":[50,80,213],"results":[52],"studies.":[56],"DATA":[57,122,137],"SOURCES:":[58],"MEDLINE,":[59],"EMBASE,":[60],"BIOSIS,":[62],"methodologic":[65],"databases":[66],"Centre":[69],"for":[70,103,148,195],"Reviews":[71],"Dissemination":[73],"Cochrane":[76],"Collaboration.":[77],"Methodologic":[78],"experts":[79],"tests":[82],"were":[83,101,118,146],"contacted.":[84],"STUDY":[85],"SELECTION:":[86],"investigated":[89],"measures":[97],"test":[99],"performance":[100],"eligible":[102],"inclusion,":[104],"which":[105],"was":[106,126,190,193],"assessed":[107],"by":[108,113,128,133],"one":[109,129],"reviewer":[110,130],"checked":[112,132],"a":[114,134],"second":[115,135],"reviewer.":[116,136],"Discrepancies":[117],"resolved":[119],"through":[120],"discussion.":[121],"EXTRACTION:":[123],"Data":[124],"extraction":[125],"conducted":[127],"SYNTHESIS:":[138],"The":[139],"best-documented":[140],"found":[147],"demographic":[149],"features,":[150,197],"disease":[151],"prevalence":[152],"severity,":[154],"partial":[155],"verification":[156,181],"bias,":[157,160,182,185,200],"clinical":[158],"review":[159,184],"observer":[162],"instrument":[164],"For":[166],"other":[167,196],"sources,":[168],"such":[169],"as":[170],"distorted":[171],"selection":[172],"participants,":[174],"absent":[175],"inappropriate":[177],"reference":[178],"standard,":[179],"differential":[180],"amount":[187],"limited.":[191,241],"Evidence":[192],"lacking":[194],"including":[198],"incorporation":[199],"treatment":[201],"paradox,":[202],"arbitrary":[203],"choice":[204],"threshold":[206],"value,":[207],"dropouts.":[209],"CONCLUSIONS:":[210],"Many":[211],"issues":[212,239],"design":[215],"conduct":[217],"variation;":[227],"however,":[228],"empirical":[230],"size":[234],"effect":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":45}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}