{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2088024915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(199802)331:2<47::aid-ardp47>3.0.co;2-r","title":"Albumin Conjugates of the Anticancer Drug Chlorambucil: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Efficacy","display_name":"Albumin Conjugates of the Anticancer Drug Chlorambucil: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Efficacy","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2088024915","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(199802)331:2<47::aid-ardp47>3.0.co;2-r","mag":"2088024915","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9525088"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(199802)331:2<47::aid-ardp47>3.0.co;2-r","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(199802)331:2<47::aid-ardp47>3.0.co;2-r","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(199802)331:2<47::aid-ardp47>3.0.co;2-r","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174911965","display_name":"Archiv der Pharmazie","issn_l":"0365-6233","issn":["0365-6233","0376-0367","1521-4184"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archiv der Pharmazie","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004610787","display_name":"Felix Kratz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9509-1299","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9509-1299"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161046081","display_name":"University of Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/0245cg223","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161046081"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240073","display_name":"University Medical Center Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzbgh69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Kratz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161046081","https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040423968","display_name":"Ulrich Beyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5601-2201","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5601-2201"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240073","display_name":"University Medical Center Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzbgh69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrich Beyer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086812053","display_name":"Thomas F. Roth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4688-4433","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4688-4433"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240073","display_name":"University Medical Center Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzbgh69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Roth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009713723","display_name":"Mark T. Sch\u00fctte","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240073","display_name":"University Medical Center Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzbgh69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark T. Sch\u00fctte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033235534","display_name":"Anuschka Unold","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240073","display_name":"University Medical Center Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzbgh69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anuschka Unold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062304427","display_name":"Heinz\u2010Herbert Fiebig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6222-7321","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6222-7321"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240073","display_name":"University Medical Center Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzbgh69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heinz H. Fiebig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064684263","display_name":"Clemens Unger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0461-2488","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0461-2488"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801240073","display_name":"University Medical Center Freiburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03vzbgh69","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clemens Unger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tumor Biology Center, Dept. Med. Oncology, Clin. Res., Breisacher Stra\u00dfe 117, 79106 Freiburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801240073"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3300,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3300},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61570671,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"331","issue":"2","first_page":"47","last_page":"53"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11908","display_name":"Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis","score":0.673799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11908","display_name":"Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis","score":0.673799991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10063","display_name":"Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery","score":0.12919999659061432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10274","display_name":"Heterocyclic Compound Synthesis and Bioactivity","score":0.05590000003576279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1605","display_name":"Organic Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chlorambucil","display_name":"chlorambucil","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/albumin-conjugates","display_name":"albumin conjugates","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maleimide-derivatives","display_name":"maleimide derivatives","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrazone-linkers","display_name":"hydrazone linkers","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ester-linkers","display_name":"ester linkers","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acid-lability","display_name":"acid lability","score":0.7020000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alkylating-activity","display_name":"alkylating activity","score":0.824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytotoxicity","display_name":"cytotoxicity","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-protein-binding","display_name":"drug-protein binding","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicity-in-mice","display_name":"toxicity in mice","score":0.5339999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777866208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415939","display_name":"Chlorambucil","level":4,"score":0.9658426642417908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.8027331829071045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780349576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q416007","display_name":"Hydrazone","level":2,"score":0.569166898727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71240020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186011","display_name":"Stereochemistry","level":1,"score":0.4311544597148895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776694085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974135","display_name":"Chemotherapy","level":2,"score":0.04844856262207031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776755627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408524","display_name":"Cyclophosphamide","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002699","descriptor_name":"Chlorambucil","qualifier_ui":"Q000138","qualifier_name":"chemical synthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002699","descriptor_name":"Chlorambucil","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002699","descriptor_name":"Chlorambucil","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004355","descriptor_name":"Drug Stability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012709","descriptor_name":"Serum Albumin","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018906","descriptor_name":"Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating","qualifier_ui":"Q000138","qualifier_name":"chemical synthesis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(199802)331:2<47::aid-ardp47>3.0.co;2-r","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(199802)331:2<47::aid-ardp47>3.0.co;2-r","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(199802)331:2<47::aid-ardp47>3.0.co;2-r","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174911965","display_name":"Archiv der Pharmazie","issn_l":"0365-6233","issn":["0365-6233","0376-0367","1521-4184"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archiv der Pharmazie","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(199802)331:2<47::aid-ardp47>3.3.co;2-i","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(199802)331:2<47::aid-ardp47>3.3.co;2-i","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4184(199802)331:2<47::aid-ardp47>3.3.co;2-i","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S174911965","display_name":"Archiv der Pharmazie","issn_l":"0365-6233","issn":["0365-6233","0376-0367","1521-4184"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archiv der Pharmazie","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9525088","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9525088","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archiv der Pharmazie","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8560000061988831}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994034291","https://openalex.org/W1992899431","https://openalex.org/W2081170345","https://openalex.org/W2086371305","https://openalex.org/W2971240638","https://openalex.org/W1999668980","https://openalex.org/W2500410149","https://openalex.org/W7100886994","https://openalex.org/W2409239144","https://openalex.org/W2319739815"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,178,204],"our":[1],"efforts":[2],"to":[3,21,166,187,213,229,254],"improve":[4],"the":[5,29,32,65,84,91,116,131,137,142,159,180,206],"selectivity":[6],"and":[7,37,53,72,136,146],"toxicity":[8,238],"profile":[9],"of":[10,16,31,46,94,102,110,118,130,133,235],"antitumor":[11],"agents,":[12],"four":[13],"maleimide":[14,43],"derivatives":[15,87],"chlorambucil":[17,76,112,135,163,184,199,210],"(1-4)":[18],"were":[19,127,193,225],"bound":[20,165,186,212],"thiolated":[22],"human":[23],"serum":[24],"albumin":[25,139,167,188,214],"which":[26,75,162,183,209,224],"differ":[27],"in":[28,74,141,161,182,200,208,240,252],"stability":[30,59],"chemical":[33],"link":[34],"between":[35],"drug":[36],"spacer.":[38],"1":[39],"is":[40],"an":[41,169,216],"aliphatic":[42],"ester":[44,170],"derivative":[45],"chlorambucil,":[47],"whereas":[48],"2-4":[49],"are":[50],"acetaldehyde,":[51],"acetophenone,":[52],"benzaldehyde":[54],"carboxylic":[55,85,190,218],"hydrazone":[56,86,191,219],"derivatives.":[57],"HPLC":[58],"studies":[60,239],"at":[61,249],"pH":[62],"5.0":[63],"with":[64,99,115],"related":[66],"model":[67],"compounds":[68],"5,":[69],"7,":[70],"8,":[71],"9,":[73],"was":[77,96,113,164,172,185,211],"substituted":[78],"by":[79],"4-phenylbutyric":[80],"acid,":[81],"demonstrated":[82,157],"that":[83,122,158,243],"have":[88],"acid-sensitive":[89],"properties;":[90],"acid":[92],"lability":[93],"7":[95],"particular":[97],"prominent":[98],"a":[100,104,152],"half-life":[101],"only":[103],"few":[105],"hours.":[106],"The":[107],"alkylating":[108],"activity":[109],"albumin-bound":[111],"determined":[114],"aid":[117],"4-(4-nitrobenzyl)-pyridine":[119],"(NBP),":[120],"demonstrating":[121],"on":[123],"average":[124],"three":[125],"equivalents":[126],"protein-bound.":[128],"Evaluation":[129],"cytotoxicity":[132],"free":[134],"respective":[138],"conjugates":[140,181],"MCF7":[143],"mamma":[144],"carcinoma":[145],"MOLT4":[147],"leukemia":[148],"cell":[149,202],"line":[150],"employing":[151],"propidium":[153],"iodide":[154],"fluorescence":[155],"assay":[156],"conjugate":[160,207,245],"through":[168,189,215],"bond":[171,220],"not":[173],"as":[174,176,194],"active":[175,197],"chlorambucil.":[177,236,256],"contrast,":[179],"bonds":[192],"or":[195],"more":[196],"than":[198,233],"both":[201],"lines.":[203],"particular,":[205],"acetaldehyde":[217],"exhibited":[221],"IC50":[222],"values":[223],"approximately":[226],"4-fold":[227],"(MCF7)":[228],"13-fold":[230],"(MOLT4)":[231],"lower":[232],"those":[234],"Preliminary":[237],"mice":[241],"showed":[242],"this":[244],"can":[246],"be":[247],"administered":[248],"higher":[250],"doses":[251],"comparison":[253],"unbound":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
