{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2087923494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2979/vic.2009.51.2.321","title":"Darwin and the Uses of Extinction","display_name":"Darwin and the Uses of Extinction","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2087923494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2979/vic.2009.51.2.321","mag":"2087923494","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19824221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2979/vic.2009.51.2.321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2979/vic.2009.51.2.321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2979/vic.2009.51.2.321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40751556","display_name":"Victorian Studies","issn_l":"0042-5222","issn":["0042-5222","1527-2052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319732","host_organization_name":"Indiana University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Indiana University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Victorian Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046053614","display_name":"Gillian Beer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gillian Beer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. of Cambridge","University of Cambridge,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. of Cambridge","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046053614"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.6083,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97042109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"2","first_page":"321","last_page":"331"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12471","display_name":"History of Science and Natural History","score":0.9053000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12471","display_name":"History of Science and Natural History","score":0.9053000211715698,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.048500001430511475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12182","display_name":"Evolution and Science Education","score":0.01269999984651804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charles-darwin","display_name":"Charles Darwin","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extinction","display_name":"extinction","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-selection","display_name":"natural selection","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-change","display_name":"evolutionary change","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/improvement","display_name":"improvement","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/darwin-s-origin-of-species","display_name":"Darwin's Origin of Species","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/darwin-s-autobiography","display_name":"Darwin's autobiography","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-evolutionary-thought","display_name":"history of evolutionary theory","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/science-and-ideology","display_name":"science and ideology","score":0.5839999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206118921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5225921","display_name":"Darwin (ADL)","level":2,"score":0.7990930080413818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101991246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5422078","display_name":"Extinction (optical mineralogy)","level":2,"score":0.7431013584136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.5966126322746277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019183317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035","display_name":"Charles darwin","level":3,"score":0.5949024558067322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.5196965336799622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75268714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43478","display_name":"Natural selection","level":3,"score":0.44034045934677124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35306142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55814","display_name":"Extinction event","level":4,"score":0.4101664423942566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3623487055301666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3268960416316986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.32475176453590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.3167295455932617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.2171306014060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196919123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183493","display_name":"Darwinism","level":2,"score":0.21498194336891174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17712774872779846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.15431037545204163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13603445887565613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13599607348442078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.10614335536956787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.08687686920166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.08292382955551147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0596221387386322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47559259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778143","display_name":"Biological dispersal","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069497","descriptor_name":"Origin of Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001319","descriptor_name":"Authorship","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003210","descriptor_name":"Concept Formation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004739","descriptor_name":"England","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005075","descriptor_name":"Biological Evolution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005108","descriptor_name":"Extinction, Psychological","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008093","descriptor_name":"Literature, Modern","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011642","descriptor_name":"Publications","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053476","descriptor_name":"Extinction, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2979/vic.2009.51.2.321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2979/vic.2009.51.2.321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2979/vic.2009.51.2.321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40751556","display_name":"Victorian Studies","issn_l":"0042-5222","issn":["0042-5222","1527-2052"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319732","host_organization_name":"Indiana University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319732"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Indiana University Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Victorian Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19824221","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19824221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Victorian studies","raw_type":"Historical Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/267346","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/267346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595328897","https://openalex.org/W628596570","https://openalex.org/W652797037","https://openalex.org/W1480306537","https://openalex.org/W1510740098","https://openalex.org/W1549002173","https://openalex.org/W1550892448","https://openalex.org/W1602549351","https://openalex.org/W1978791477","https://openalex.org/W2070880616","https://openalex.org/W2485480766","https://openalex.org/W2798836825"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312704143","https://openalex.org/W7163553622","https://openalex.org/W2490099674","https://openalex.org/W4365137202","https://openalex.org/W7120659366","https://openalex.org/W2044668604","https://openalex.org/W7034680376","https://openalex.org/W4399669628","https://openalex.org/W1977073718","https://openalex.org/W2489104997"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"currently":[1],"view":[2],"extinction":[3,12,26,61,87],"with":[4,45],"dismay":[5],"and":[6,15,50,69,88],"even":[7],"horror,":[8],"but":[9],"Darwin":[10],"saw":[11],"as":[13,16],"ordinary":[14],"necessary":[17],"to":[18,24,29,81,101],"evolutionary":[19],"change.":[20],"Still,":[21],"the":[22,41,74,79,92,99,102],"degree":[23],"which":[25],"is":[27,32],"fundamental":[28],"his":[30],"theory":[31],"rarely":[33],"discussed.":[34],"This":[35],"essay":[36,77],"examines":[37],"Darwin's":[38,95],"linking":[39],"of":[40,43,47,54,60],"idea":[42],"\"improvement\"":[44],"that":[46],"natural":[48],"selection":[49],"tracks":[51],"a":[52],"cluster":[53],"reasons":[55,64],"for":[56],"our":[57],"changed":[58],"valuation":[59],"now.":[62],"Those":[63],"demonstrate":[65],"how":[66],"scientific":[67],"information":[68],"ideological":[70],"preferences":[71],"have":[72],"reshaped":[73],"concept.":[75],"The":[76],"challenges":[78],"reader":[80],"assess":[82],"some":[83],"current":[84],"assumptions":[85],"about":[86],"concludes":[89],"by":[90],"considering":[91],"shift":[93],"in":[94],"own":[96],"understanding":[97],"from":[98],"\"Origin\"":[100],"late":[103],"\"Autobiography\".":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}